ArticleCancers2021
Graves' Disease during Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy (A Case Series and Literature Review).
Article in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Thyroid storm triggered by immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.BMJ case reports · 2026Article
- ICPi-Induced Graves' Disease with Pre-existing Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders: A Case Report and Literature Review.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Review
- Consensus-based disease definitions for endocrine immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Challenges in subtyping disease entities of thyroid dysfunction following combined immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a case report.Thyroid research · 2025Article
- Prior Anti-Angiogenic TKI-Based Treatment as Potential Predisposing Factor to Nivolumab-Mediated Recurrent Thyroid Disorder Adverse Events in mRCC Patients: A Case Series.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Predictors of thyroid adverse events during cancer immunotherapy: a real-life experience at a single center.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2023Article
- Clinical Characters and Influence Factors of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-related Thyroid Dysfunction.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Article
- Diagnostic criteria and proposed management of immune-related endocrinopathies following immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for cancer.Endocrine connections · 2023Review
- Article
- Hypothyroidism After Use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Patient With Graves' Disease: Cure?JCEM case reports · 2023Article
- Endocrine side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hypothyroidism predicts treatment response in Japanese subjects.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Observational
- Article
- Thyroid-related adverse events induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor induced thyroid dysfunction is a frequent event post-treatment in NSCLC.Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2021Article
- Immune-related Thyroid Dysfunction (irTD) in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Correlates With Response and Survival.Cancer diagnosis & prognosisArticle
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Thyrotoxicosis is an adverse event associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPis) that occurs in 0.6 to 3.2% of treated patients, depending on ICPi class. Presentation usually consists of a biphasic thyroiditis with transient thyrotoxicosis and secondary hypothyroidism. ICPi-induced Graves' disease (GD), due to the stimulating activity of TSH-receptor autoantibodies (TRAb), is extremely rare. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the characteristics and evolution of GD during ICPi therapy. Five among 243 patients followed for ICPi-induced thyrotoxicosis showed TRAb positivity (2% of the cohort). GD occurred quickly after initiation of ICPis; its course was typical for two patients, with prolonged requirement for antithyroid drug treatment (ATD). The three other patients experienced biphasic thyroiditis with secondary hypothyroidism requiring long-term substitution. Three other patients had a diagnosis of GD before starting ICPis; they evolved toward hypothyroidism with early cessation of ATD and long-term substitution treatment during ICPi treatment. None developed significant Graves' orbitopathy. ICPi treatment was not interrupted for thyroid dysfunction. In conclusion, GD is a rare, immune-related adverse event of ICPis with an unusual course and frequent evolution to biphasic thyroiditis. In the case of ICPi-induced thyrotoxicosis in the presence of TRAb, observing the spontaneous evolution and performing a scintigraphy are useful before starting ATD treatment. Pre-existing GD is not exacerbated by ICPis and tends to evolve towards hypothyroidism. ICPi treatment can be maintained with adequate biochemical surveillance.
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