Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33920698›Full record

ReviewBehavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)2021

Treatment of Parkinson's Disease with Cognitive Impairment: Current Approaches and Future Directions.

Chichun Sun, Melissa J Armstrong

Open access · goldAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
41citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
6.4field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

41 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 85 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
  6. Does transcranial direct current stimulation enhance cognitive performance in Parkinson's disease mild cognitive impairment? An event-related potentials and neuropsychological assessment study.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2022
    Trial
  7. Article
  8. Refining the Parkinson's Disease Risk Estimator for Decline In Cognition Tool (PREDICT).Cognitive and behavioral neurology : official journal of the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology · 2026
    Article
  9. Review
  10. Review
  11. Dietary tributyrin supplementation in Parkinson's disease: An open-label target engagement study.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026
    Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Cognitive disorders and parkinson's disease: a literature review.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025
    Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Review
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Chichun SunDepartment of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2117-2613
Melissa J ArmstrongDepartment of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2163-1907
University of Florida · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cognitive impairment risk in Parkinson's disease increases with disease progression and poses a significant burden to the patients, their families and society. There are no disease-modifying therapies or preventative measures for Parkinson's disease mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), or Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). This article reviews current and previously investigated treatments and those under investigation, including pharmacologic, non-pharmacologic and surgical procedures. There are currently no effective pharmacologic or non-pharmacologic treatments for PD-MCI. The only recommended treatment for PDD currently is rivastigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor. Donepezil and galantamine-other cholinesterase inhibitors-are possibly useful. Memantine, a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, is considered investigational in PDD. Drug repurposing (atomoxetine, levodopa, insulin, atomoxetine for PD-MCI; ambroxol and ceftriaxone for PDD) and novel medications (SYN120, GRF6021, NYX-458 for PD-MCI; ANAVEX2-73, LY3154207, ENT-01, DAAOI-P for PDD) currently have insufficient evidence. There is growing research supporting exercise in the treatment of PD-MCI, but most non-pharmacological approaches have insufficient evidence for use in PD-MCI (cognitive rehabilitation, deep brain stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial ultrasound, vestibular nerve stimulation) and PDD (cognitive intervention, deep brain stimulation, transcranial alternating current stimulation, transcranial ultrasound, temporal blood brain barrier disruption). Research is needed for both disease-modifying and symptomatic treatments in PD cognitive impairment.

Indexed as

dementiamild cognitive impairmentParkinson’s diseasetreatment

Identifiers

PMID33920698
PMCPMC8073727
OpenAlexW3154623248

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.