ReviewMicromachines2021
Microneedles: A New Generation Vaccine Delivery System.
Review in Micromachines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 173 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preclinical Evaluation of a Microneedle-Delivered Adjuvanted Microparticulate Gonorrhea Vaccine in Non-Human Primates.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Advances in veterinary drug and vaccine delivery: from conventional delivery methods to innovative transdermal approaches.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Polysaccharides and carbohydrate polymers: innovations from nature to industry.Journal of the science of food and agriculture · 2026Review
- Review
- Microneedles for Vaccination: Mechanistic Foundations, Materials Innovation, Clinical Translation, and Global Health Implementation.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Fabrication, Simulation, and Mechanical Characterization of Curcumin-Loaded PVA/PVP Microneedle Arrays Using Custom 3D-Printed Molds.Polymers · 2026Article
- Microneedle patch technologies in virology: bridging immunization, antiviral therapy, and point-of-care diagnostics.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2026Review
- Preserving the gut microbiome: hydrogel-forming microneedle delivery of tetracycline reduces gut microbiome disruption compared to oral administration.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Emerging and Prospective Engineering Technologies Enabling Microneedle Based Vaccine Therapeutics.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Review
- Cell-Free DNA-Based Theranostics for Inflammatory Disorders.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Microneedle Technologies for Drug Delivery: Innovations, Applications, and Commercial Challenges.Micromachines · 2026Review
- An engineered intradermal microneedle-array device enhances the cellular immune responses in a guinea pig model.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Biomaterials in personalized drug delivery: innovations, challenges, and future directions.PeerJ · 2026Review
- Booster Immunisation with Skin-Patch-Delivered Unadjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Vaccine Is Safe and Immunogenic in Healthy Adults.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Advances in 3D Printed Microneedles as a Prototype for Skin Targeted Therapeutics in Personalized Dermal Pharmaceuticals.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Review
- mRNA vaccine platforms and novel delivery systems: From mechanistic principles to clinical translation.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Inactivated mycobacterium paragordonae delivered via microneedle patches as a novel tuberculosis booster vaccine.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Article
- Microneedle-Mediated Transdermal Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Multiple Skin Diseases.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Polymeric microneedle advancements in macromolecule drug delivery: current trends, challenges, and future perspectives.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Transdermal vaccination route using biodegradable microneedles is a rapidly progressing field of research and applications. The fear of painful needles is one of the primary reasons most people avoid getting vaccinated. Therefore, developing an alternative pain-free method of vaccination using microneedles has been a significant research area. Microneedles comprise arrays of micron-sized needles that offer a pain-free method of delivering actives across the skin. Apart from being pain-free, microneedles provide various advantages over conventional vaccination routes such as intramuscular and subcutaneous. Microneedle vaccines induce a robust immune response as the needles ranging from 50 to 900 μm in length can efficiently deliver the vaccine to the epidermis and the dermis region, which contains many Langerhans and dendritic cells. The microneedle array looks like band-aid patches and offers the advantages of avoiding cold-chain storage and self-administration flexibility. The slow release of vaccine antigens is an important advantage of using microneedles. The vaccine antigens in the microneedles can be in solution or suspension form, encapsulated in nano or microparticles, and nucleic acid-based. The use of microneedles to deliver particle-based vaccines is gaining importance because of the combined advantages of particulate vaccine and pain-free immunization. The future of microneedle-based vaccines looks promising however, addressing some limitations such as dosing inadequacy, stability and sterility will lead to successful use of microneedles for vaccine delivery. This review illustrates the recent research in the field of microneedle-based vaccination.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.