ArticleViruses2021
Quinine Inhibits Infection of Human Cell Lines with SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is N -acetylcysteine effective in treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019? A meta-analysis.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2023Pooled it
- Natural Alkaloids as Antiviral Agents Against RNA Viruses: A Comprehensive and Mechanistic Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A novel quinine derivative as a PIM-1 kinase inhibitor induces apoptosis via mitochondrial depolarization with selective cytotoxicity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Synthesis, Antibacterial Properties and Molecular Docking Studies of Nitrogen Substituted 9-(((4X-But-2-ynyloxy)methyl)-1,2,3-triazolyl)-Cinchona Alkaloid Conjugates.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Synergistic Antiviral Activity of European Black Elderberry Fruit Extract and Quinine Against SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virusa.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Anti-rheumatic colchicine phytochemical exhibits potent antiviral activities against avian and seasonal Influenza A viruses (IAVs) via targeting different stages of IAV replication cycle.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2024Article
- Microfluidic Diffusion Sizing Applied to the Study of Natural Products and Extracts That Modulate the SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD/ACE2 Interaction.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Potential Target Discovery and Drug Repurposing for Coronaviruses: Study Involving a Knowledge Graph-Based Approach.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Article
- Article
- In silico prediction of potential inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant using molecular docking and dynamics simulation-based drug repurposing.Journal of molecular modeling · 2023Article
- Discovery of Ircinianin Lactones B and C-Two New Cyclic Sesterterpenes from the Marine SpongeMarine drugs · 2022Article
- The naturally-derived alkaloids as a potential treatment for COVID-19: A scoping review.Phytotherapy research : PTR · 2022Article
- Article
- Antiparasitic Drugs against SARS-CoV-2: A Comprehensive Literature Survey.Microorganisms · 2022Review
- Synergistic Antiviral Activity of Pamapimod and Pioglitazone against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants of Concern.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Quinine Esters with 1,2-Azole, Pyridine and Adamantane Fragments.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease (PLpro) Inhibitors Using Combined Computational Approach.ChemistryOpen · 2022Article
- Inhibition of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus by CinchonineFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin used alone or combined are not effective against SARS-CoV-2 ex vivo and in a hamster model.Antiviral research · 2022Article
- Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of SARS-CoV-2 and the Respective Variants of Concern Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While vaccination campaigns are ongoing worldwide, there is still a tremendous medical need for efficient antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among several drug candidates, chloroquine (CQN) and hydroxychloroquine (H-CQN) were tested intensively, and any contentious therapeutic effect of both has been discussed controversially in the light of severe side effects and missing efficacy. Originally, H-CQN descended from the natural substance quinine, a medicinal product used since the Middle Ages, which actually is regulatory approved for various indications. We hypothesized that quinine also exerts anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. In Vero cells, quinine inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection more effectively than CQN, and H-CQN and was less toxic. In human Caco-2 colon epithelial cells as well as the lung cell line A549 stably expressing ACE2 and TMPRSS2, quinine also showed antiviral activity. In consistence with Vero cells, quinine was less toxic in A549 as compared to CQN and H-CQN. Finally, we confirmed our findings in Calu-3 lung cells, expressing ACE2 and TMPRSS2 endogenously. In Calu-3, infections with high titers of SARS-CoV-2 were completely blocked by quinine, CQN, and H-CQN in concentrations above 50 µM. The estimated IC
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.