ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2021
Sex-Related Differences in Drugs with Anti-Inflammatory Properties.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Top five Alzheimer Disease trial eligibility criteria favor men compared to women in a clinic-based cohort.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Observational
- Autoimmune diseases are associated with increased neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular risk, while systemic corticosteroid exposure shows limited neurodegenerative and modest vascular associations.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Article
- Demyelinating disorders in women: epidemiology, immunology, and clinical implications across MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD.Journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Contributions of Pharmacovigilance to the Understanding of Risks Associated with Ibuprofen: Descriptive and Disproportionality Analysis Using FAERS Data.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A Two-Year Pharmacovigilance Analysis of Adverse Drug Reactions Reported from a University Allergy Setting.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Advanced Biomaterial-Based In Vitro Osteoarthritis Models: Integrating Sex as a Biological Variable in Hormonal, Subchondral Bone, and Mechanobiological Pathways.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Effects of a Novel Dexamethasone Hydrogel Drug Delivery System on Cytokine and Mucin Expression in a Three-Dimensional In Vitro Conjunctival Inflammation Model.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- A newFrontiers in toxicology · 2026Article
- Evolution of mortality rates due to gastrointestinal bleeding in Peru and its geographic areas, 2003-2022.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Observational
- Sex-dependent responses in mice to indomethacin-induced organ injury and gut microbiome-targeted alleviation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sex-Related Differences in Chronic Pain: A Narrative Review by a Multidisciplinary Task Force.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Nutraceuticals: using food to enhance brain health by modulating postnatal neurogenesis in animal models and patient populations.Stem cells translational medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- The effect of COVID-19 and sex differences on natural killer cell cytotoxicity.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Attitudes and Experiences of Patients Regarding Gender-Specific Aspects of Pain Management.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Advancements in Therapeutic Approaches for Degenerative Tendinopathy: Evaluating Efficacy and Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Comparison between Carprofen and Meloxicam for Post-Neutering Pain Management in Pet Rabbits.Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- Does sex affect the efficacy of systemic pharmacological treatments of pain in knee osteoarthritis? A systematic review.Osteoarthritis and cartilage open · 2024Review
- Use ofPeerJ · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of sex differences in the action of anti-inflammatory drugs, with women being at significantly higher risk of adverse effects. Nevertheless, clinicians' awareness of the implications of these sex differences on dosing and adverse event monitoring in routine practice is still in need of improvement. We reviewed the literature evaluating sex differences in terms of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-inflammatory drugs. The anti-thrombotic activity of selective and non-selective COX-inhibitors tends to be stronger in men than women. Side effect profiles differ with regards to gastro-intestinal, renal and hepatic complications. Glucocorticosteroids were found to be more effective in men; women were more sensitive to corticosteroids when their oestradiol levels were high, a finding important for women taking hormonal contraception. TNF-alpha inhibitors have a longer half-life in men, leading to stronger immunosuppression and this a higher incidence of infections as side effects. Although research on sex differences in the effectiveness and safety of drugs is increasing, findings are often anecdotal and controversial. There is no systematic sex-differentiated reporting from clinical trials, and women are often under-represented. As personalized medicine is gaining in importance, sex, and gender aspects need to become integral parts of future research and policy making.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.