ArticlePharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Post-Stroke Metformin Treatment Using Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats.
Article in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuropharmacological efficacy of metformin for stroke in rodents: A meta-analysis of preclinical trials.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Exercise mimetics: molecular mechanisms, biological and therapeutic effects.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Antidiabetic Agents as Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Therapies in Neurological and Cardiovascular Diseases.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Metformin's protection against blood-brain barrier disruption and neuronal dysfunction under oxygen-glucose deprivation and tobacco smoke and e-vape chemical exposure.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Article
- The AMPK/GDF15 Axis: A Novel Target for the Neuroprotective Effects of Metformin in Ischemic Stroke.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Metformin attenuates central sensitization by regulating neuroinflammation through the TREM2-SYK signaling pathway in a mouse model of chronic migraine.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Integrative Approaches in Acute Ischemic Stroke: From Symptom Recognition to Future Innovations.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- The function, mechanisms, and clinical applications of metformin: potential drug, unlimited potentials.Archives of pharmacal research · 2023Review
- Permeability of Metformin across an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model during Normoxia and Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation Conditions: Role of Organic Cation Transporters (Octs).Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Anethole Pretreatment Modulates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion: The Role of JNK, p38, MMP-2 and MMP-9 Pathways.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- A review of stress-induced hyperglycaemia in the context of acute ischaemic stroke: Definition, underlying mechanisms, and the status of insulin therapy.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Review
- Metformin Acutely Mitigates Oxidative Stress in Human Atrial Tissue: A Pilot Study in Overweight Non-Diabetic Cardiac Patients.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The Development of Novel Drug Treatments for Stroke Patients: A Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Imeglimin Is Neuroprotective Against Ischemic Brain Injury in Rats-a Study Evaluating Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial Functions.Molecular neurobiology · 2022Article
- Metformin Intervention-A Panacea for Cancer Treatment?Cancers · 2022Review
- Metformin, Rapamycin, or Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Pretreatment Attenuate Cognitive Impairment After Cerebral Hypoperfusion by Inhibiting Microglial Phagocytosis.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Development and Evaluation of Novel Metformin Derivative Metformin Threonate for Brain Ischemia Treatment.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Effects of Metformin on Spontaneous CaInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Metformin Alleviates Neuroinflammation Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice by Regulating Microglia/Macrophage Phenotype in a Gut Microbiota-Dependent Manner.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Treatment options for ischemic stroke are limited, and the development of new therapeutic agents or combined therapies is imperative. Growing evidence suggests that metformin treatment, due to its anti-inflammatory action, exerts a neuroprotective effect against ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain damage. Experimental assessment has typically been performed in models of cerebral transient ischemia followed by long-term reperfusion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of metformin treatment after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) without reperfusion in rats. Neurological deficits were assessed using the Longa scale, which offers a graded scale on body movement following pMCAO. Both infarct size and brain oedema area were measured by staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. The number of neurons and total and activated microglia, as well as interleukin 10 (IL-10) production, in brain sections were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Our results show that metformin treatment improves the neurological state and reduces infarct size after 120 h of pMCAO. Metformin also prevents neuronal loss in the ischemic cortex but not in the striatum after 48 h of pMCAO. Moreover, post-stroke treatment with metformin significantly decreases the number of total and activated microglia at 48 h. The anti-inflammatory effect of metformin is associated with increased IL-10 production at 48 h after pMCAO. The results of the present study suggest that post-stroke treatment with metformin exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in a pMCAO model.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.