ArticleRespiratory medicine2021
Smoking and risk of COVID-19 hospitalization.
Article in Respiratory medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05321433 (The Association Between Tobacco Use and COVID-19 Infection and Adverse Outcomes in Three Nordic Countries), which is not on this map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Association Between Tobacco Use and COVID-19 Infection and Adverse Outcomes in Three Nordic Countries: a Pooled Analysis
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Smoking and vaping alter genes related to mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The European respiratory journal · 2024Pooled it
- COVID-19 vaccine uptake in US adults with respiratory diseases: A cross-sectional study.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Hospital Utilization in Ambulatory Patients With COVID-19 With History of Tobacco Use.AJPM focus · 2025Article
- COVID-19 as the occupational disease in employees of the University Hospital Ostrava.Central European journal of public health · 2025Article
- Did smoking behavior change in adolescents and young adults with and without diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic? A cohort study from the DPV registry.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Smoking Rates and Disease Severity in COVID-19 Patients at Masih Deneshvari Hospital.Tanaffos · 2025Article
- Antihypertensive Drug Use and COVID-19 Disease Severity in Hospitalized US Veterans: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2025Article
- The association between tobacco use and COVID-19 diagnoses in three Nordic countries: a pooled analysis.European journal of public health · 2025Article
- Association between long-term smoking cessation and COVID-19 outcomes: Findings from a nationwide crosssectional online survey in China.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- Cigarette smoking status and COVID-19 hospitalization in the context of cannabis use: An electronic health record cohort study in northern California.Addictive behaviors reports · 2024Article
- Associations of County-Level Social Determinants of Health with COVID-19 Related Hospitalization Among People with HIV: A Retrospective Analysis of the U.S. National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C).AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Evolution of COVID-19 infection characteristics in a Lebanese cohort of inpatients during different pandemic periods.Pathogens and global health · 2024Observational
- Social health gradient and risk factors among patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and pre-pandemic respiratory infections. A linked national individual case-control study in Belgium.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Recovery from Respiratory Failure in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019.Thoracic research and practice · 2023Article
- Live to die another day: novel insights may explain the pathophysiology behind smoker's paradox in SARS-CoV-2 infection.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2023Review
- Does misclassification of former tobacco smokers explain the 'smoker's paradox' in the risk of COVID-19? Insights from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort.Scandinavian journal of public health · 2023Article
- The predisposition of smokers to COVID-19 infection: A mini-review of global perspectives.Heliyon · 2023Review
- The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on alcohol and tobacco consumption: Evidence from Peru.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Article
- Sex, Age, and Comorbidities Are Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection, COVID-19 Severity, and Fatal Outcome in a Mexican Population: A Retrospective Multi-Hospital Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleThe association between smoking status and severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains controversial.
objectiveTo assess the risk of hospitalization (as a marker of severe COVID-19) in patients by smoking status: former, current and never smokers, who tested positive for the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2) at an academic medical center in the United States.
methodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study in patients with SARS-COV2 between March-1-2020 and January-31-2021 to identify the risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19 by smoking status.
resultsWe identified 10216 SARS-COV2-positive patients with complete documentation of smoking habits. Within 14 days of a SARS-COV2 positive test, 1150 (11.2%) patients were admitted and 188 (1.8%) died. Significantly more former smokers were hospitalized from COVID-19 than current or never smokers (21.2% former smokers; 7.3% current smokers; 10.4% never smokers, p<0.0001). In univariable analysis, former smokers had higher odds of hospitalization from COVID-19 than never smokers (OR 2.31; 95% CI 1.94-2.74). This association remained significant when analysis was adjusted for age, race and gender (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.06-1.55), but became non-significant when analysis included Body Mass Index, previous hospitalization and number of comorbidities (OR 1.05; 95% CI 0.86-1.29). In contrast, current smokers were less likely than never smokers to be hospitalized due to COVID-19.
conclusionsSignificantly more former smokers were hospitalized and died from COVID-19 than current or never smokers. This effect is mediated via age and comorbidities in former smokers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.