ArticlePLoS pathogens2021
Prophages integrating into prophages: A mechanism to accumulate type III secretion effector genes and duplicate Shiga toxin-encoding prophages in Escherichia coli.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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18 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Deciphering pervasive domestication and active "dark matter" of proviruses in prokaryotes via precision border mapping.Science advances · 2026Article
- Algorithm and Software to Type Stx Operons Accurately from Assembled Genomic Sequence.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Phage toxin variants are linked to protection specificity in a defensive symbiont.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Genome Characterization of Temperate Bacteriophages and Associated Genetic Features in Avian PathogenicAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Type VI secretion system degeneration accelerates intestinal epithelial cell death in Escherichia coli O157:H7.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Increased resistance against tellurite is conferred by a mutation in the promoter region of uncommon tellurite resistance geneApplied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- A prophage encoded ribosomal RNA methyltransferase regulates the virulence of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC).Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- Article
- Combined usage of serodiagnosis and O antigen typing to isolate Shiga toxin-producingMicrobiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Diversity of Shiga toxin transducing phages inFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Occurrence and genetic diversity of prophage sequences identified in the genomes of L. casei group bacteria.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Dynamic changes in Shiga toxin (Stx) 1 transducing phage throughout the evolution of O26:H11 Stx-producing Escherichia coli.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Global population structure, genomic diversity and carbohydrate fermentation characteristics of clonal complex 119 (CC119), an understudied Shiga toxin-producingMicrobial genomics · 2023Article
- The Prophage and Us-Shiga Toxin Phages Revisited.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Discovery of a novel filamentous prophage in the genome of theFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Distinct heterochromatin-like domains promote transcriptional memory and silence parasitic genetic elements in bacteria.The EMBO journal · 2022Article
- The global population structure and evolutionary history of the acquisition of major virulence factor-encoding genetic elements in Shiga toxin-producingMicrobial genomics · 2021Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacteriophages (or phages) play major roles in the evolution of bacterial pathogens via horizontal gene transfer. Multiple phages are often integrated in a host chromosome as prophages, not only carrying various novel virulence-related genetic determinants into host bacteria but also providing various possibilities for prophage-prophage interactions in bacterial cells. In particular, Escherichia coli strains such as Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains have acquired more than 10 prophages (up to 21 prophages), many of which encode type III secretion system (T3SS) effector gene clusters. In these strains, some prophages are present at a single locus in tandem, which is usually interpreted as the integration of phages that use the same attachment (att) sequence. Here, we present phages integrating into T3SS effector gene cluster-associated loci in prophages, which are widely distributed in STEC and EPEC. Some of the phages integrated into prophages are Stx-encoding phages (Stx phages) and have induced the duplication of Stx phages in a single cell. The identified attB sequences in prophage genomes are apparently derived from host chromosomes. In addition, two or three different attB sequences are present in some prophages, which results in the generation of prophage clusters in various complex configurations. These phages integrating into prophages represent a medically and biologically important type of inter-phage interaction that promotes the accumulation of T3SS effector genes in STEC and EPEC, the duplication of Stx phages in STEC, and the conversion of EPEC to STEC and that may be distributed in other types of E. coli strains as well as other prophage-rich bacterial species.
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