Observational studyIndian journal of ophthalmology2021
Hyperreflective foci as biomarkers for inflammation in diabetic macular edema: Retrospective analysis of treatment naïve eyes from south India.
Observational study in Indian journal of ophthalmology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Behavior of hyperreflective spots noted on optical coherence tomography following intravitreal therapy in diabetic macular edema: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2021Pooled it
- Multimodal imaging features of non-proliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy based on SD-OCT and fundus autofluorescence.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- EFCNet enhances the efficiency of segmenting clinically significant small medical objects.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Clinical Evaluation of Faricimab in Real-World Diabetic Macular Edema in India- A Multicenter Observational Study.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Study of Imaging Biomarkers as a Prognostic Factor and Guide in the Management of Diabetic Macular Oedema.Cureus · 2024Article
- Does dexamethasone implant combination with aflibercept monotherapy affect one-year outcomes in treatment-naive diabetic macular edema with inflammatory biomarkers?International ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Generating OCT B-Scan DME images using optimized Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs).Heliyon · 2023Article
- Fuzzy Logic-Based System for Identifying the Severity of Diabetic Macular Edema from OCT B-Scan Images Using DRIL, HRF, and Cystoids.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Role of Inflammation and Therapeutic Concepts in Diabetic Retinopathy-A Short Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Proinflammatory Cytokines Trigger the Onset of Retinal Abnormalities and Metabolic Dysregulation in a Hyperglycemic Mouse Model.Journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Neurovascular injury associated non-apoptotic endothelial caspase-9 and astroglial caspase-9 mediate inflammation and contrast sensitivity decline.Cell death & disease · 2022Article
- [Treatment response to Conbercept of different types of diabetic macular edema classified based on optical coherence tomography].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2021Article
- Commentary: Systemic versus imaging biomarkers for diabetic macular oedema - Where do we stand?Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the factors associated with hyperreflective foci (HRF) in diabetic macular edema (DME) in treatment naïve eyes. Methods: This retrospective observational study included 131 eyes of 91 treatment naïve patients with DME. Details of ophthalmological examination with duration of vision loss and systemic parameters were noted. The spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images were analyzed for number and location of HRF and the associated imaging biomarkers. Results: Inner retinal (IR) HRF were seen in 88 eyes (67%), outer retinal (OR) in 28 (21%), and subretinal (SR) in 12 (9%). The IR had (7.1 ± 7) HRF, the OR (6.5 ± 4.8), and SR (3.9 ± 2.9). A greater proportion of eyes with HRF also had subretinal fluid (SRF), significantly higher blood pressure and lower serum triglycerides. Univariate linear regression analysis showed women (3 HRF greater vs. men, P = 0.04), eyes with cystoid spaces (2.95 more HRF vs. no cystoid spaces, P = 0.02), and SRF (2.96 more HRF vs. no SRF, P = 0.007) had more HRF, whereas higher triglycerides (1 HRF lesser per 50 mg lower TGL, P = 0.03) had lesser. Conclusion: Our study highlights the importance of HRF as an imaging biomarker in DME suggesting an inflammatory origin. Long-term observations of large cohorts with automated analysis can give more insights.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.