ReviewFASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology2021
Sex-based limits to running speed in the human, horse and dog: The role of sexual dimorphisms.
Review in FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exercise-Induced Acid-Base, Electrolyte, and Metabolic Responses in Colombian Creole Horses Across Different Gait Modalities.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Physiological adaptations to 6 weeks of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous training in horses: A randomized crossover study.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Epigenetic landscape of hormone-independent sexual dimorphism and characterization of canine XIST.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Exercise and Experiments of Nature.Comprehensive Physiology · 2023Article
- Determination of breeding criteria for gait proficiency in leisure riding and racing dromedary camels: a stepwise multivariate analysis of factors predicting overall biomechanical performance.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Aging, VOIndian journal of pharmacologyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Elite performing men continue to record faster record times in running events compared to women. These sex-based differences in running speed and endurance in humans are expected based on sexual dimorphisms that contribute to differences in the determinants of aerobic performance. Comparatively, the sexual dimorphisms contributing to sex-based differences in elite aerobic performance are not ubiquitous across other species that compete in running events. The purpose of this review is to offer a framework and model for ongoing discussions of the physiological determinants and ultimately limits of physical performance. The records for average running speed of champion athletes were delineated by sex for thoroughbred horses, greyhound dogs, and humans. Male and female performances within each of these species are being optimized by training, nutrition, and financial incentives, and are approaching a performance maximum. For horses and greyhounds breeding also plays a role. Analysis of athletic records shows that there is a sex-related difference of ~10% or more in elite athletic performance for humans; however, the upper limit of performance does not appear to be different between sexes for thoroughbred horses and greyhound dogs. In the context of the nil sex differences in running performance in thoroughbreds and greyhounds, we discuss the physiological role of sexual dimorphisms on sex-specific limits to running performance. We highlight that studies on both human and animal performance in athletic events stimulate critical physiological questions and drive novel research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.