ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
COVID-19 Vaccines: Current Understanding on Immunogenicity, Safety, and Further Considerations.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Immunogenicity Characterization of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2023Pooled it
- A Meta-Analysis on the Safety and Immunogenicity of Covid-19 Vaccines.Journal of primary care & community healthPooled it
- Auricular acupressure for adverse events following immunization after COVID-19 vaccine injection: A multicentre, blinded, randomized controlled trial.Complementary therapies in medicine · 2022Trial
- Safety and Immunogenicity of an Inactivated Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine in a Subgroup of Healthy Adults in Chile.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Trial
- Comparative effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines among health students, focusing on methodological concerns.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2026Article
- Safety comparison of mRNA, viral vector, and inactivated Covid-19 vaccines: incidence of adverse events following primary and booster doses among medical professionals in Malaysia.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Temporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and IgG subclasses following multiple doses and diverse COVID-19 vaccine combinations.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccines in onchocerciasis-infected individuals: a field study from Ghana.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Recent development of oral vaccines (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2024Review
- The Matrix-M™ adjuvant: A critical component of vaccines for the 21Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Review
- Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Program on Presenteeism and Absenteeism among Healthcare Workers in Poland.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Article
- Immunological Responses of Arsenicum album 30CH to Combat COVID-19: Protocol for a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial in the Pathanamthitta District of Kerala.JMIR research protocols · 2023Article
- Review
- Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant protein RBD fusion heterodimer vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.NPJ vaccines · 2023Article
- Article
- A First Report on Side-Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines among General Population in Sudan: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Older Adults Who Maintained a Regular Physical Exercise Routine before the Pandemic Show Better Immune Response to Vaccination for COVID-19.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Surveillance of Side Effects after Two Doses of COVID-19 Vaccines among Patients with Comorbid Conditions: A Sub-Cohort Analysis from Saudi Arabia.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Article
- Coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic prediction in Shanghai under the "dynamic zero-COVID policy" using time-dependent SEAIQR model.Journal of biosafety and biosecurity · 2022Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The world has entered the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, and its intensity is significantly higher than that of the first wave of early 2020. Many countries or regions have been forced to start the second round of lockdowns. To respond rapidly to this global pandemic, dozens of COVID-19 vaccine candidates have been developed and many are undergoing clinical testing. Evaluating and defining effective vaccine candidates for human use is crucial for prioritizing vaccination programs against COVID-19. In this review, we have summarized and analyzed the efficacy, immunogenicity and safety data from clinical reports on different COVID-19 vaccines. We discuss the various guidelines laid out for the development of vaccines and the importance of biological standards for comparing the performance of vaccines. Lastly, we highlight the key remaining challenges, possible strategies for addressing them and the expected improvements in the next generation of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.