ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2021
Fibroblasts as immune regulators in infection, inflammation and cancer.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 374 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
374 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 561 citations in OpenAlex.
- LINC02363: a potential biomarker for early diagnosis and treatment of sepsis.BMC immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Intestinal Fibrosis in IBD: Rethinking the Inflammatory Paradigm and Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2026Review
- The role of cytosolic mitochondrial DNA as a mitochondrial danger signal for stromal fibroblasts in forming the tumor-promoting microenvironment following radiation exposure.Journal of radiation research · 2026Review
- Multimodal learning enables chat-based exploration of single-cell data.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes senescence of human oral mucosa fibroblasts via the Wnt5A/mTOR pathway.Odontology · 2026Article
- The multifaceted roles of tumor-infiltrating plasma cells in cancer immunology.Fundamental research · 2026Review
- Stromal cell-mediated tuning of the extracellular matrix for immune tissue engineering.Current opinion in biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Progenitor T cells drive chronic pulmonary type 2 inflammation.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Concerted changes in the pediatric single-cell intestinal ecosystem before and after anti-TNF blockade.eLife · 2026Article
- The theory of the inflammatory ecosystem.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Review
- A Hierarchical Hydrogel Modulates Immune-Mechanical Microenvironments to Spatiotemporally Reprogram Fibroblasts for Scarless Diabetic Wound Healing.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- FGFR1 signaling in rheumatoid arthritis: Mechanisms of bone destruction and therapeutic targeting (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Innate immunity: current understandings and future perspectives.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- BRD4 contributes to the cytokine-induced acquisition of an IL-13RA2-positive inflammatory fibroblast phenotype.Journal of Crohn's & colitis · 2026Article
- IL-1-Activated Inflammatory Cardiac Fibroblasts Exacerbate Acute Coxsackievirus B3 Myocarditis.JACC. Basic to translational science · 2026Article
- Integrating RNA-seq and Single-Cell RNA-seq to Uncover Transcriptional Signature of Fibroblasts in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Chronic inflammation-responsive hydrogel restores myeloid-T cell crosstalk to reinvigorate antitumor immunity against metastatic colorectal cancer.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Tertiary lymphoid structures in neuroinflammation coordinate neuroimmune homeostasis and pathological progression.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Review
- IL11+ fibroblasts are implicated in nonresponse to anti-TNF-α via fibrosis in inflammatory bowel disease.JCI insight · 2026Article
314 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
In chronic infection, inflammation and cancer, the tissue microenvironment controls how local immune cells behave, with tissue-resident fibroblasts emerging as a key cell type in regulating activation or suppression of an immune response. Fibroblasts are heterogeneous cells, encompassing functionally distinct populations, the phenotypes of which differ according to their tissue of origin and type of inciting disease. Their immunological properties are also diverse, ranging from the maintenance of a potent inflammatory environment in chronic inflammation to promoting immunosuppression in malignancy, and encapsulating and incarcerating infectious agents within tissues. In this Review, we compare the mechanisms by which fibroblasts control local immune responses, as well as the factors regulating their inflammatory and suppressive profiles, in different tissues and pathological settings. This cross-disease perspective highlights the importance of tissue context in determining fibroblast-immune cell interactions, as well as potential therapeutic avenues to exploit this knowledge for the benefit of patients with chronic infection, inflammation and cancer.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.