ArticleBMC pediatrics2021
Longitudinal association of dietary sources of animal and plant protein throughout childhood with menarche.
Article in BMC pediatrics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between birth weight/rapid weight gain and early menarche: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on cohort studies.BMC pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Phenols, Parabens, Phthalates and Puberty: a Systematic Review of Synthetic Chemicals Commonly Found in Personal Care Products and Girls' Pubertal Development.Current environmental health reports · 2022Pooled it
- Modern Determinants of Earlier Menarche and Mental Health: A Translational Review for Clinicians.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Trends in meat consumption and its association with menarche timing: findings from CHNS 1997-2015.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Age at menarche is inversely related to the prevalence of uterine cancer.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Intergenerational transitions in age at menarche: insights from Chandauli district, Uttar Pradesh, India.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- Evaluating Phthalates and Bisphenol in Foods: Risks for Precocious Puberty and Early-Onset Obesity.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Association of Traditional dietary pattern with early and precocious puberty: a population-based cross-sectional study.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Women and Reproductive Health across the Lifespan: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Protein - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023.Food & nutrition research · 2023Article
- Development of the Chinese preschooler dietary index: a tool to assess overall diet quality.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Review Nutritional interventions during adolescence and their possible effects.Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis · 2022Review
- Lower adherence to a prudent dietary pattern is associated with earlier age at menarche in adolescents from the Growth and Obesity Chilean Cohort Study.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInconsistent findings have been reported for associations between protein intake and age at menarche. We aimed to investigate the association between intake of protein and protein-containing food groups during childhood with menarche among Iranian girls.
methodsGirls aged 6-18 years who did not experience menarche in the third or fourth examination cycles of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study were selected and were followed to the fifth examination cycle. Daily intakes of protein from different animal/plant sources and ten protein-containing food groups were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire at baseline (the third or fourth examination cycles). Occurrence of menarche and its onset age were asked during each examination cycle. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimating hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for the occurrence of menarche per one standard deviation (SD) of dietary intakes. Logistic regression was also used to estimate the odds of reaching menarche ≤12 years.
resultsDuring the study, 147(61%) of girls reached menarche, the median age at menarche was 12 years. The adjusted HRs (95% CI) for the occurrence of menarche per one-SD of dietary intakes were 0.68 (0.48, 0.98; p = 0.040) for plant protein and 1.36 (1.01, 1.84; p = 0.042) for animal protein after adjusting for baseline age, BMI Z-score, energy intake, and mother's early menarche and education. Substituting 10-g animal protein with plant protein was associated with a 16% (95%CI: 5-25%; p = 0.006) lower risk of menarche. Dietary intakes of poultry (adjusted HR: 1.35; 95% CIs: 1.00-1.82; p = 0.049) and low-fat dairy (adjusted HR: 1.20; 95%CIs: 0.99-1.46; p = 0.064) were marginally associated with the increased risk of menarche. However, the odds of early menarche was significant only for plant protein (adjusted odds ratio = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.16-0.96; p = 0.040).
conclusionsOur findings indicate that the risk of menarche increases by higher intakes of animal protein and decreases by plant protein. Intakes of poultry and low-fat dairy associate with a higher risk of menarche. The odds of menarche occurrence ≤12 years reduces by higher intakes of plant protein.
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