ArticleSkin pharmacology and physiology2021
Micropore Closure Rates following Microneedle Application at Various Anatomical Sites in Healthy Human Subjects.
Article in Skin pharmacology and physiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Micropore visualization and lifetime following microneedle application to skin of differing pigments.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Trial
- Microneedle-mediated intelligent combination delivery for hair regeneration: A comprehensive review of technologies, mechanistic evidence, and translational prospects.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Vacuum-Assisted Microneedle Platforms for Dermal Interstitial Fluid Sampling.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Impact of Formulation and Microneedle Length on Transdermal Metronidazole Permeation through Microneedle-Treated Skin.Pharmaceutical research · 2024Article
- Article
- Thermosensitive biomaterial gels with chemical permeation enhancers for enhanced microneedle delivery of naltrexone for managing opioid and alcohol dependency.Biomaterials science · 2023Article
- Industrial perspectives for personalized microneedles.Beilstein journal of nanotechnology · 2023Article
- Microneedles in Action: Microneedling and Microneedles-Assisted Transdermal Delivery.Polymers · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThe continuous availability of open micropores is crucial for a successful microneedle (MN) drug delivery strategy. However, micropore lifetime depends on intrinsic skin functional and anatomical characteristics, which vary significantly at different anatomical sites.
objectiveThis pilot study explored if differences exist in micropore closure timeframes at 3 anatomical sites - upper arm, volar forearm, and abdomen.
methodsHealthy subjects (n = 35) self-identifying as Asian (n = 9), Bi-/multiracial (n = 2), Black (n = 9), Latino (n = 6), and White (n = 9) completed the study. The upper arm, volar forearm, and abdomen were treated with MNs; skin impedance and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured at baseline and post-MN to confirm micropore formation. Impedance was measured for 3 days to evaluate micropore lifetime. Measurements of L*, which quantifies the skin lightness/darkness, were made using a tristimulus colorimeter. Micropore lifetime was determined by comparing baseline and post-MN impedance measurements, and micropore closure half-life was predicted using mathematical modeling.
resultsPost-MN increase in TEWL and decrease in impedance were significant (p < 0.05), confirming successful micropore formation at all anatomical sites. When data were analyzed according to subject self-identified racial/ethnic groups, the mean micropore closure time at the abdomen (63.09 ± 13.13 h) was longer than the upper arm (60.34 ± 14.69 h) and volar forearm (58.29 ± 16.76 h). The predicted micropore closure half-life at anatomical sites was the abdomen (25.86 ± 14.96 h) ≈ upper arm (23.69 ± 13.67 h) > volar forearm (20.2 ± 11.99 h). Differences were not statistically significant between groups. Objective categorization by L* showed that the darker skin may be associated with longer micropore closure time at the abdomen site.
conclusionsOur results suggest that anatomical site of application may not be a source of significant variability in micropore closure time. These findings may help reduce the number of physiological parameters that need to be explicitly considered when developing drug products to support MN-assisted drug delivery strategies.
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