Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33909036›Full record

ReviewInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2021

IMI Impact of Myopia.

Padmaja Sankaridurg, Nina Tahhan, Himal Kandel, Thomas Naduvilath, Haidong Zou, Kevin D Frick, Srinivas Marmamula, David S Friedman, Ecosse Lamoureux, Jill Keeffe and 4 more

Registry-linked trialOpen access · goldAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07779941 (A Pilot Evaluation of Refractive Error Progression in Pre-Myopic Children in Singapore With and Without Myopia Control Spectacles), which is not on this map. Cited by 260 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
260citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
34.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07779941 nanot yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

A Pilot Evaluation of Refractive Error Progression in Pre-Myopic Children in Singapore With and Without Myopia Control Spectacles

TypeinterventionalSponsorSingapore National Eye CentreRan2026 to 2029Enrolled124ConditionsMyopia, Pre-myopiaArmsZeiss MyoActive lenses, Single Vision Lenses
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

260 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 368 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  7. Efficacy of spectacle lenses specifically designed for myopia control: systematic review and meta-analysis.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025
    Pooled it
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  14. Myopia control efficacy of individualised ocular refraction customisation spectacle lenses: A 2-year follow-up study.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025
    Trial
  15. Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses in UK children: Outcomes from a 2-year multi-site interventional trial.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025
    Trial
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200 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors at 9 institutions in 5 countries.

Padmaja SankaridurgBrien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia.
Nina TahhanBrien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia.
Himal KandelSave Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Thomas NaduvilathBrien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia.
Haidong ZouShanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai, China.
Kevin D FrickJohns Hopkins Carey Business School, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
Srinivas MarmamulaGullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
David S FriedmanGlaucoma Center of Excellence, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
Ecosse LamoureuxDuke - NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.
Jill KeeffeGullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
Jeffrey J WallineThe Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio, United States.
Timothy R FrickeBrien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia.
Vilas KovaiHealth Promotion Service, Population Health, Liverpool Hospital, SWSLHD, Health - New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia.
Serge ResnikoffBrien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia.
Brien Holden Vision Institute · AUL V Prasad Eye Institute · INLiverpool Hospital · AUMassachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary · USShanghai Eye Disease Prevention & Treatment Center · CNSingapore Eye Research Institute · SGThe Ohio State University · USThe University of Sydney · AUWilliam Carey University · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The global burden of myopia is growing. Myopia affected nearly 30% of the world population in 2020 and this number is expected to rise to 50% by 2050. This review aims to analyze the impact of myopia on individuals and society; summarizing the evidence for recent research on the prevalence of myopia and high myopia, lifetime pathological manifestations of myopia, direct health expenditure, and indirect costs such as lost productivity and reduced quality of life (QOL). The principal trends are a rising prevalence of myopia and high myopia, with a disproportionately greater increase in the prevalence of high myopia. This forecasts a future increase in vision loss due to uncorrected myopia as well as high myopia-related complications such as myopic macular degeneration. QOL is affected for those with uncorrected myopia, high myopia, or complications of high myopia. Overall the current global cost estimates related to direct health expenditure and lost productivity are in the billions. Health expenditure is greater in adults, reflecting the added costs due to myopia-related complications. Unless the current trajectory for the rising prevalence of myopia and high myopia change, the costs will continue to grow. The past few decades have seen the emergence of several novel approaches to prevent and slow myopia. Further work is needed to understand the life-long impact of myopia on an individual and the cost-effectiveness of the various novel approaches in reducing the burden.

Indexed as

Quality of LifeGlobal HealthHumansMyopia, DegenerativePrevalence

Identifiers

PMID33909036
PMCPMC8083082
OpenAlexW3159344725

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.