ReviewNeuro-oncology2021
Epidemiology of brain metastases and leptomeningeal disease.
Review in Neuro-oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 260 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
260 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 353 citations in OpenAlex.
- Revealing the hidden: A systematic review and meta-analysis of FAPI-based tracers imaging for brain metastatic lesions.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Joint EANM/EANO/RANO/SNMMI practice guideline/procedure standard for PET imaging of brain metastases: version 1.0.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2025Guideline
- Surgical resection versus stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of brain metastases in the motor cortex; a meta-analysis and systematic review.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2024Pooled it
- Trial
- Trial
- Proton Craniospinal Irradiation for Patients With Leptomeningeal Metastasis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA oncology · 2025Trial
- Automated segmentation of brain metastases with deep learning: A multi-center, randomized crossover, multi-reader evaluation study.Neuro-oncology · 2024Trial
- The role of radiation therapy in leptomeningeal disease from breast cancer - a multicenter analysis.Clinical and translational radiation oncology · 2026Article
- Dose selection and clinical decision-making after Gamma Knife surgery for large brain metastases: implications for early identification of true progression.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Observational
- Intrathecal Allogeneic B7-H3-Targeted CAR γδ T Cells for Leptomeningeal Metastasis from Solid Tumors: Safety, Efficacy, and Immunologic Dynamics in a Phase I Trial.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Article
- Targeting O6-methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase Deficiency in Preclinical Models of Extracranial Human Cancers with a Tumor-Selective DNA-Modifying Agent.Molecular cancer therapeutics · 2026Article
- The emerging role of microbiota in neuro-oncology.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- The emerging roles of cerebral pericytes in brain metastasis.Neuro-oncology · 2026Review
- Beam geometry optimization and convergence mode evaluation for knowledge-based planning of hippocampal avoidance whole-brain radiotherapy: A cross-platform study with quantitative scorecard assessment.Journal of applied clinical medical physics · 2026Article
- Forecasting the risk of early death among patients suffering from lung cancer with brain metastasis after radiotherapy using interpretable machine learning: a study based on the SEER database.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Clinical and CSF Measurements for Identification of Leptomeningeal Metastasis in Lung Adenocarcinoma.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Clinical, radiographic, and neuropathologic characterization of peripherally hyperenhancing brain metastases: a novel radiographic entity.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Article
- Article
- Targeting ClassicalCancers · 2026Review
200 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Brain metastases affect a significant percentage of patients with advanced extracranial malignancies. Yet, the incidence of brain metastases remains poorly described, largely due to limitations of population-based registries, a lack of mandated reporting of brain metastases to federal agencies, and historical difficulties with delineation of metastatic involvement of individual organs using claims data. However, in 2016, the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program released data relating to the presence vs absence of brain metastases at diagnosis of oncologic disease. In 2020, studies demonstrating the viability of utilizing claims data for identifying the presence of brain metastases, date of diagnosis of intracranial involvement, and initial treatment approach for brain metastases were published, facilitating epidemiologic investigations of brain metastases on a population-based level. Accordingly, in this review, we discuss the incidence, clinical presentation, prognosis, and management patterns of patients with brain metastases. Leptomeningeal disease is also discussed. Considerations regarding individual tumor types that commonly metastasize to the brain are provided.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.