ReviewNature reviews. Cancer2021
Therapeutic cancer vaccines.
Review in Nature reviews. Cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 819 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
819 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- ELISPOT as a Functional for Biomarker Study in Cancer Immunotherapy: Applications and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- WT1 peptide vaccines of post-allogeneic HSCT maintenance immunotherapy for pediatric acute leukemias: a phase 2 study.Blood advances · 2026Trial
- A Phase II Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of Two Doses of a Folate Receptor Alpha Vaccine in Patients with Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Trial
- Development of the rationale of a personalized cancer vaccine based on the in situ vaccine effect of radiotherapy: a mechanistic study of the POLARSTAR trial.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Trial
- Randomized clinical efficacy and safety study of peltopepimut-S plus cemiplimab compared to cemiplimab alone in patients with recurrent/metastatic HPV16-positive head and neck cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Trial
- UCPVax, a CD4 helper peptide vaccine, induces polyfunctional Th1 cells, antibody response, and epitope spreading to improve antitumor immunity.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Trial
- Increasing hydrophobicity in poly(amino acid) adjuvants elicits potent and durable anti-tumor immunityBioactive materials · 2027Article
- Early neutrophil infiltration promotes TRIMELVax-induced antitumor immunity by linking local inflammation to tumor control.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Cell-based immunotherapy for neurodegenerative disease: A promising avenue.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Targeting the C/EBPβ-PRAME-EZH2 complex modulates the Netrin-4/AKT axis to inhibit renal cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis.Cell death and differentiation · 2026Article
- Neoantigen cancer vaccines for gastrointestinal tumors: opportunities and challenges.MedScience · 2026Review
- Review
- Developing neoantigen cancer vaccines: where are we now?Nature communications · 2026Review
- Article
- Unlocking the Potency of Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin: Structural Insights, Immunological Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Frontiers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Beyond cold to hot: oncolytic virotherapy as the next cornerstone of immuno-oncology.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Cancer Vaccine Development: Toward Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Personalized Cell Membrane Nanovaccine.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Review
- Antigen Spreading via Localized Administration Enhances Adoptive TCR-T Cell Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- From Universal Aspiration to Precision Immunization: A Hypothesis Framework for Antigen-Defined, HLA-Restricted Cancer Vaccines.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Improving peptide vaccine manufacturability without sacrificing immunogenicity: substitution of methionine and cysteine with oxidation-resistant isosteres.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
759 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines have undergone a resurgence in the past decade. A better understanding of the breadth of tumour-associated antigens, the native immune response and development of novel technologies for antigen delivery has facilitated improved vaccine design. The goal of therapeutic cancer vaccines is to induce tumour regression, eradicate minimal residual disease, establish lasting antitumour memory and avoid non-specific or adverse reactions. However, tumour-induced immunosuppression and immunoresistance pose significant challenges to achieving this goal. In this Review, we deliberate on how to improve and expand the antigen repertoire for vaccines, consider developments in vaccine platforms and explore antigen-agnostic in situ vaccines. Furthermore, we summarize the reasons for failure of cancer vaccines in the past and provide an overview of various mechanisms of resistance posed by the tumour. Finally, we propose strategies for combining suitable vaccine platforms with novel immunomodulatory approaches and standard-of-care treatments for overcoming tumour resistance and enhancing clinical efficacy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
33907315What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.