ArticleScientific reports2021
Daily gender expression is associated with psychological adjustment for some people, but mainly men.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Working memory and daily internalizing problems: Pubertal timing moderates adult relations.Journal of affective disorders · 2026Article
- Gender "in the wild": toward a person-specific behavioral neuroendocrinology.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Average Links Between Daily Gender Expression and Depressive Symptoms Do Not Describe Individual Adolescents.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2025Article
- Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI): A Tutorial on Ethical Data Practices.Behavior analysis in practice · 2025Article
- Temporal variations in gender identity: an ecological momentary assessment of the influences of context.Australian journal of psychology · 2025Article
- Gender matters for daily depression: Symptom fluctuations and links to self-expression.Journal of affective disorders reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Gender-aware Parkinson's care: a design-based study of patient perspectives on gender norms and gender-sensitive care.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- The Gender Self-Report: A multidimensional gender characterization tool for gender-diverse and cisgender youth and adults.The American psychologist · 2023Article
- Little evidence for sex or ovarian hormone influences on affective variability.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- The Link Between Masculinity and Spatial Skills Is Moderated by the Estrogenic and Progestational Activity of Oral Contraceptives.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
To what extent does gender expression vary day-to-day? Are daily changes related to psychological adjustment in the same way for all individuals? A person-specific approach was used to answer these questions in a 75-day intensive longitudinal study. Fifty-seven cisgender adults (27 women) provided over 4000 reports of daily masculinity and femininity and of three indices of internalizing problems. Results revealed: (a) substantial daily fluctuations in gender expression, especially in women; (b) sample-level links between daily increases in femininity or reductions in masculinity and heightened anxiety, depression, and self-reproach for men, but no apparent links for women; and (c) person-specific links between gender expression and psychological adjustment, such that some women reported internalizing problems with reduced masculinity (average male pattern) and some men reported problems with heightened masculinity (opposite the average male pattern). Findings highlight how intensive longitudinal research can illuminate the uniqueness of gender-related daily experiences, and their implications for the wellbeing of individuals.
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