ReviewThe Indian journal of medical research2021
One Health, "Disease X" & the challenge of "Unknown" Unknowns.
Review in The Indian journal of medical research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- One health viral metagenomics for pathogen surveillance: robust mNGS workflows for viral detection and genome recovery from swab and tissue specimens.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Bridging policy and practice: implementation of emerging infectious disease risk assessment in China from a One Health perspective.Science in One Health · 2026Article
- Confronting the known unknown: historical lessons and future strategies for Disease X.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Environmental Health Risk Evaluation and Potential to Cause Disease X as a Global Pandemic: A Call for Global Preparedness.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Navigating the Interconnected Web of Health: A Comprehensive Review of the One Health Paradigm and Its Implications for Disease Management.Yonsei medical journal · 2025Review
- An Overview of Possible Beneficial Effects of Black Seeds (Infectious disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- Disease X and COVID-19: turning lessons from India and the world into policy recommendations.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Review
- How feasible or useful are timeliness metrics as a tool to optimise One Health outbreak responses?BMJ global health · 2024Article
- The current pathogenicity and potential risk evaluation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus to cause mysterious "Disease X"-An updated literature review.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Structure determination needs to go viral.Amino acids · 2024Article
- Food security and emerging infectious disease: risk assessment and risk management.Royal Society open science · 2022Article
- Paediatric pneumonia research priorities in the context of COVID-19: A eDelphi study.Journal of global health · 2022Article
- Public Health Emergence: Challenges and Prospects for the Future of Herd Immunity to Reduce the Negative Impact of Disease X in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Clinical pathology (Thousand Oaks, Ventura County, Calif.)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and its rapid spread globally emphasizes the ever-present threat of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. In this review, the pathogen pyramid framework was utilized to identify the "unknown unknowns" associated with the emergence and rapid transmission of novel infectious disease agents. Given that the evolutionary origin of most of the emerging infectious disease agents can be traced to an animal source, we argue the need to integrate the "One Health" approach as a part of surveillance activities. The need for focusing on undertaking global and regional mapping activities to identify novel pathogens is discussed, given that there are an estimated 1.67 million unknown viruses, of which around 631,000 to 827,000 unknown viruses have the capacity to infect human beings. The emerging risks due to the ever-expanding interface between human, animals, both domestic and wildlife, and the environment are highlighted, these are largely driven by the need for safe habitation, growing food, developing infrastructure to support the increasing human population and desire for economic growth. The One Health approach provides a holistic way to address these cross-sectoral issues, by bridging institutional gaps, enumerating priority risk areas and pathogens, and highlighting putative risk factors for subsequent spillover events involving emerging and re-emerging infectious disease pathogens at the human-animal-environment interface.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.