ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2021
Socioeconomic status determines COVID-19 incidence and related mortality in Santiago, Chile.
Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 250 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
250 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 456 citations in OpenAlex.
- Incorporating Social Determinants of Health in Infectious Disease Models: A Systematic Review of Guidelines.Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making · 2024Pooled it
- COVID-19 risk, course and outcome in people with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analyses.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Assessing the burden of COVID-19 in developing countries: systematic review, meta-analysis and public policy implications.BMJ global health · 2022Pooled it
- Seroprevalence of hepatitis E in blood donors in Santiago, Chile: a monocentric cross-sectional study.IJID regions · 2026Article
- The decade of double-trouble: live birth and stillbirth sex ratio variation in Finland during the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's attack on Ukraine.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- One rule does not fit all: Deviations from universality in human mobility modeling.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Structural gradients in excess mortality during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: economic development, preparedness, and cross-national differences, 2020-2024.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Global disparities in COVID-19 vaccine coverage associated with trajectories of SARS-CoV-2 adaptation.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Same household, different choices: variation in health behaviors related to respiratory viruses in Illinois.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Inference of latent epidemic regimes and generative simulations reveal how inequality and mobility shape COVID-19 transmission.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Understanding how mobility and spatial disparities shape COVID-19 transmission under rotational and localized lockdowns.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Changes in verbal fluency, anthropometric parameters, physical activity, and physical fitness following an after-school basketball program in children: a pilot study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Genetic, Sociodemographic and Clinical Determinants of COVID-19 Severity in the Republic of Srpska: Exploring Potential Links with Neanderthal-Derived Variants.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Insomnia Among Adolescents in Northern Peru: Associations with Psychosocial, Health-Related, and Educational Factors in a Cross-Sectional Study Across Five Schools.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities and the COVID-19 pandemic in France: Territorial analyzes based on epidemic wave and metropolitan area.PloS one · 2026Article
- Geospatial disparities in post-pandemic SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: Evidence from Chile beyond the national success.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Understanding crisis dynamics during public health emergencies: an integrated framework of social consequences, trust, and behavioral responses.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Use of COVID-19 Detection Tests in the Mexican Population from 2020-2022: Frequency and Distribution.Revista brasileira de enfermagem · 2026Article
- Persistent physical and mental health effects of COVID-19 hospitalization.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Influence of immune history when choosing a SARS-CoV-2 booster strategy.Scientific reports · 2025Article
190 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected cities particularly hard. Here, we provide an in-depth characterization of disease incidence and mortality and their dependence on demographic and socioeconomic strata in Santiago, a highly segregated city and the capital of Chile. Our analyses show a strong association between socioeconomic status and both COVID-19 outcomes and public health capacity. People living in municipalities with low socioeconomic status did not reduce their mobility during lockdowns as much as those in more affluent municipalities. Testing volumes may have been insufficient early in the pandemic in those places, and both test positivity rates and testing delays were much higher. We find a strong association between socioeconomic status and mortality, measured by either COVID-19-attributed deaths or excess deaths. Finally, we show that infection fatality rates in young people are higher in low-income municipalities. Together, these results highlight the critical consequences of socioeconomic inequalities on health outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.