Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33906948›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021

Improved bounds on entropy production in living systems.

Dominic J Skinner, Jörn Dunkel

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed
11.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

17 citing papers in PubMed, 111 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Identification and quantification of irreversibility in stochastic systems.Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP · 2026
    Review
  3. Article
  4. Stochastic motility energetics reveals cooperative bacterial swarming in optical tweezers.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
  6. 'Intelligent' proteins.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025
    Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Bayesian mechanics for stationary processes.Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences · 2021
    Article
  17. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Dominic J SkinnerDepartment of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.
Jörn DunkelDepartment of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 dunkel@mit.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-8865-2369
Massachusetts Institute of Technology · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Living systems maintain or increase local order by working against the second law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic consistency is restored as they consume free energy, thereby increasing the net entropy of their environment. Recently introduced estimators for the entropy production rate have provided major insights into the efficiency of important cellular processes. In experiments, however, many degrees of freedom typically remain hidden to the observer, and, in these cases, existing methods are not optimal. Here, by reformulating the problem within an optimization framework, we are able to infer improved bounds on the rate of entropy production from partial measurements of biological systems. Our approach yields provably optimal estimates given certain measurable transition statistics. In contrast to prevailing methods, the improved estimator reveals nonzero entropy production rates even when nonequilibrium processes appear time symmetric and therefore may pretend to obey detailed balance. We demonstrate the broad applicability of this framework by providing improved bounds on the energy consumption rates in a diverse range of biological systems including bacterial flagella motors, growing microtubules, and calcium oscillations within human embryonic kidney cells.

Indexed as

EntropyThermodynamicsBacteriaBacterial Physiological PhenomenaCalciumFlagellaHEK293 CellsHumansMarkov ChainsMicrotubulesCalciumbacterial motorscalcium oscillationsentropy productionMarkov processesmicrotubules

Identifiers

PMID33906948
PMCPMC8106300
OpenAlexW3099511659

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.