ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2022
Actual Racial/Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality for the Non-Hispanic Black Compared to Non-Hispanic White Population in 35 US States and Their Association with Structural Racism.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed.
- Codesigning COVID-19 booster promotion materials in online workshops with long-term care staff: a process evaluation.Health education research · 2026Trial
- Why People Share (Or Don't): Race/Ethnicity and Contextual Correlates of Willingness to Disclose Contact Information During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Rural North Carolina.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- The role of opioid treatment programs' crisis response on client perceptions of risk and impact.BMC public health · 2025Article
- A Standard Measure of Structural Racism, Do We Have One? Can We Have One? A Narrative Review of Commonly Used Measures and Domains of Use.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Review
- State-Level Structural Racism and Children's Dental Care Access and Oral Health.JDR clinical and translational research · 2025Observational
- Developing inclusive, antiracist approaches to public health research: Guidelines for action.Journal of public health research · 2025Article
- Racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19-associated septic shock.World journal of critical care medicine · 2025Article
- The impact of COVID-19 on parents from Black ethnic backgrounds in the UK: what we have learned and why it still matters.BJPsych open · 2025Article
- "Remember, we don't have race categories here": contradictions and reflections on racism, environment, and health from an interview study among Black German researchers, educators, and care providers.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Systemic racism and Non-Hispanic Black to Non-Hispanic White disparities in infant mortality at the county level.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Article
- Increasing Prevalence of Diagnosed Gestational Diabetes in South Carolina: 2015-2021.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2024Article
- Racial, Ethnic, Sex, and Age Differences in COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths Among Incarcerated People and Staff in Correctional Facilities in Six Jurisdictions, United States, March-July 2020.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Instruments for racial health equity: a scoping review of structural racism measurement, 2019-2021.Epidemiologic reviews · 2024Article
- Cause of Death by Race and Ethnicity in Minnesota Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2019-2020.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Excess deaths associated with COVID-19 by rurality and demographic factors in the United States.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2024Article
- COVID-19 Pandemic as an Equalizer of the Health Returns of Educational Attainment for Black and White Americans.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Cancer Care Continuity During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Those With SARS-CoV-2.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Dual pandemics? Assessing associations between area racism, COVID-19 case rates, and mental health among U.S. adults.SSM. Mental health · 2023Article
- Individual and structural determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in a marginalized community in the United States.Vaccine · 2023Article
- Addressing Rehabilitation Health Care Disparities During the Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic and Beyond.Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionWhile the increased burden of COVID-19 among the Black population has been recognized, most attempts to quantify the extent of this racial disparity have not taken the age distribution of the population into account. In this paper, we determine the Black-White disparity in COVID-19 mortality rates across 35 states using direct age standardization. We then explore the relationship between structural racism and differences in the magnitude of this disparity across states.
methodsUsing data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we calculated both crude and age-adjusted COVID-19 mortality rates for the non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black populations in each state. We explored the relationship between a state-level structural racism index and the observed differences in the racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality across states. We explored the potential mediating effects of disparities in exposure based on occupation, underlying medical conditions, and health care access.
resultsRelying upon crude death rate ratios resulted in a substantial underestimation of the true magnitude of the Black-White disparity in COVID-19 mortality rates. The structural racism index was a robust predictor of the observed racial disparities. Each standard deviation increase in the racism index was associated with an increase of 0.26 in the ratio of COVID-19 mortality rates among the Black compared to the White population.
conclusionsStructural racism should be considered a root cause of the Black-White disparity in COVID-19 mortality. Dismantling the long-standing systems of racial oppression is critical to adequately address both the downstream and upstream causes of racial inequities in the disease burden of COVID-19.
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