ReviewRheumatology international2021
Sex hormones, autoimmunity and gender disparity in COVID-19.
Review in Rheumatology international, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Xenosialylation as immunological chimerism: a host-centered unifying model for viral and post-vaccination immune complications.European cytokine network · 2026Review
- Psychological Distress, Resilience, and Immunoinflammatory Signatures in Healthcare Workers During COVID-19.Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress · 2026Article
- Repercussion of SARS-CoV-2 on the Sexual Function in Males: An Updated Review.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- Retrospective longitudinal study on the long-term impact of COVID-19 infection on polysomnographic evaluation in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2024Article
- Sex Differences in Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes and Mortality After COVID-19 Hospitalization During Alpha, Delta and Omicron Waves.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Enhancing the Understanding of Abdominal Trauma During the COVID-19 Pandemic Through Co-Occurrence Analysis and Machine Learning.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Severity Profile of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Recent advances in COVID-19-induced liver injury: causes, diagnosis, and management.Inflammopharmacology · 2024Review
- Racial Disparities in the Clinical Prognosis of Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients with COVID-19: a Retrospective Study in UC CORDS.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Article
- Susceptibility of Fat Tissue to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Female hACE2 Mouse Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Evaluation of safety and effectiveness of remdesivir in treating COVID-19 patients after emergency use authorization study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Factors Affecting the Outcomes of COVID-19 in Diabetes Patients at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan, Indonesia.Acta informatica medica : AIM : journal of the Society for Medical Informatics of Bosnia & Herzegovina : casopis Drustva za medicinsku informatiku BiH · 2023Article
- A Model for Predicting the Duration of Viral Shedding in Patients Who Had Been Hospitalized with Mild COVID-19: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.Infection and drug resistance · 2023Article
- Machine learning-based scoring system to predict in-hospital outcomes in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.Archives of cardiovascular diseases · 2022Observational
- Environmental health, COVID-19, and the syndemic: internal medicine facing the challenge.Internal and emergency medicine · 2022Review
- Impact of Physical Activity on COVID-19.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Article
- National geographical pattern of COVID-19 hospitalization, case fatalities, and associated factors in patients covered by Iran Health Insurance Organization.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Sex Differences in COVID-19 Outcomes.Cureus · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has majorly contributed to massive and widespread mortality. Epidemiological data strongly indicates a sex-based disparity in COVID-19 clinical outcomes, with women having lower infection and hospitalisation rates, coupled with better prognosis and lesser mortality. This disparity may be explained by several mechanisms including differences in innate and adaptive immune responses, genetic factors, and an interplay between sex hormones and immune effectors, as well as gender-specific behaviour differences. These pathways, particularly the immunological divergence in response to viral infection, could potentially influence not only COVID-19 pathogenesis and disease course, but also the response to antiviral drugs and vaccines. Furthermore, factors that confer a protective advantage against COVID-19 may be exploited to develop therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.