SynthesisAdvances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)2021
Protein Intake from Birth to 2 Years and Obesity Outcomes in Later Childhood and Adolescence: A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies.
Synthesis in Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protein and growth during the first year of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Pediatric research · 2023Pooled it
- Determinants of rapid infant weight gain: A pooled analysis of seven cohorts.Pediatric obesity · 2022Pooled it
- Metabolic impact of reduced-protein Nordic diet-based complementary feeding: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Trial
- Effect of a high-protein and low-glycaemic index diet during pregnancy in women with overweight or obesity on offspring metabolic health-A randomized controlled trial.Pediatric obesity · 2025Trial
- Macronutrient mixtures and interactions in health and disease.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Exclusive Breastfeeding and Growth Trajectories Until 5 Years of Age Among Children Monitored in Primary Health Care in Brazil.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2026Article
- Replacing protein with carbohydrate or fat in infancy is associated with lower Body Mass Index in early childhood: results from the Melbourne InFANT Program.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2026Article
- Association between low-carbohydrate diet score and childhood obesity: a national population-based study.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Food and Drug Administration Expert Panel on Infant Formula "Operation Stork Speed" June 2025: Part 1, Nutrient Considerations.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Interaction between polygenic scores and dietary intake in relation to BMI in Canadian children.Journal of nutritional science · 2026Article
- The National Food Consumption Survey IV SCAI: Nutrient Intakes and Related Dietary Sources in Italy.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Clinical assessment of growth patterns, weight, and dietary management in children and adults with phenylketonuria - a retrospective study.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2025Article
- Association of a high-protein and low-glycemic-index diet during pregnancy with offspring growth and obesity until the age of 18 years - a target trial emulation.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Observational
- The Biological Value of Proteins for Pediatric Growth and Development: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2025Review
- The association between total, animal, and plant protein intake and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in overweight and obese children and adolescents.Nutrition journal · 2025Article
- Article
- Evaluating alignment of UK commercial baby food products with the WHO nutrient and promotion profile model.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Early life factors that affect obesity and the need for complex solutions.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Critical vitamin D and iron intakes in infants aged 6-11 months: results from the nationwide German KiESEL study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Impact of Fava Bean (Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows an association between protein intake during infancy and later obesity risk, and that association may differ by protein sources. This systematic review summarized and evaluated prospective cohort studies assessing the long-term association of total protein intake and protein sources during infancy (from birth to 2 y) with subsequent obesity outcomes in childhood or adolescence. Literature searches were conducted in Embase, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science. Sixteen studies that reported associations between total protein intake and/or protein intake from different sources from birth to 2 y and ≥1 obesity outcomes in childhood or adolescence from 9 cohorts were identified. Most studies (11/16) were rated as high quality. The most frequently reported association was total protein intake and BMI (up to 10 y) with 6 out of 7 cohorts showing significant positive associations. Similar associations were found for animal protein, but not for plant protein. Limited studies examined the association between protein intake (both total and sources) and body composition (body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass) and revealed inconsistent findings. Overall, higher intakes of total and animal protein during infancy were associated with higher BMI in childhood and adolescence. Future studies investigating the contribution of protein sources in long-term obesity development are needed. This review was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020166540.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.