ArticleJournal of translational medicine2021
Vitamin D status of Arab Gulf residents screened for SARS-CoV-2 and its association with COVID-19 infection: a multi-centre case-control study.
Article in Journal of translational medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin D Deficiency and Comorbidities as Risk Factors of COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of effect of vitamin D levels on the incidence of COVID-19.Cardiology journal · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent COVID-19 in Frontline Healthcare Workers. A Randomized Clinical Trial.Archives of medical research · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Hidden burden of hypertension in Arab adolescents linked to obesity, dyslipidemia, and vitamin D status.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Cardiometabolic implications of triglyceride-glucose index, remnant cholesterol, and vitamin D in normoglycemic Arab adolescents: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Observational
- Article
- The Role of Some Vitamins in Respiratory-related Viral Infections: A Narrative Review.Clinical nutrition research · 2023Review
- Evaluation of 34 Cytokines and Vitamin D Status Reveal A Sexually-Dimorphic Active Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Association of Vitamin D Knowledge, Behavior and Attitude with BMI Status among Arab Adults.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Comparison of the cardiovascular system, clinical condition, and laboratory results in COVID-19 patients with and without vitamin D insufficiency.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Patients at Tertiary Care Hospital, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia: A Single Centre Study.Journal of infection and public health · 2022Article
- The impact of obesity on hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.Journal of medicine and life · 2022Observational
- Nutritional risk of vitamin D, vitamin C, zinc, and selenium deficiency on risk and clinical outcomes of COVID-19: A narrative review.Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2022Review
- Conflict of Interests in the Scientific Production on Vitamin D and COVID-19: A Scoping Review.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- COVID-19 Lockdown and Lifestyle Changes in Saudi Adults With Types 1 and 2 Diabetes.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- An Exploratory Review of Potential Adjunct Therapies for the Treatment of Coronavirus Infections.Journal of chiropractic medicine · 2021Review
- Predictors of Mental Health Status among Quarantined COVID-19 Patients in Saudi Arabia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Article
- Dietary Intake and Supplement Use Among Saudi Residents during COVID-19 Lockdown.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesVitamin D status in patients with COVID-19 is an on-going controversial issue. This study aims to determine differences in the serum 25(OH)D concentrations of Arab Gulf adult residents screened for SARS-CoV-2 and its association with risk of COVID-19 infection together with other comorbidities.
methodsIn this multi-center, case-control study, a total of 220 male and female adults presenting with none to mild symptoms were screened for COVID-19 (n = 138 RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive and 82 negative controls). Medical history was noted. Anthropometrics were measured and non-fasting blood samples were collected for the assessment of glucose, lipids, inflammatory markers and serum 25(OH)D concentrations.
resultsSerum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in the SARS-CoV-2 positive group compared to the negative group after adjustment for age and BMI (52.8 nmol/l ± 11.0 versus 64.5 nmol/l ± 11.1; p = 0.009). Being elderly (> 60 years) [Odds ratio 6 (95% Confidence Interval, CI 2-18; p = 0.001) as well as having type 2 diabetes (T2D) [OR 6 (95% CI 3-14); p < 0.001)] and low HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) [OR 6 (95% CI 3-14); p < 0.001)] were significant risk factors for COVID-19 infection independent of age, sex and obesity.
conclusionsAmong Arab Gulf residents screened for SARS-CoV-2, serum 25(OH) D levels were observed to be lower in those who tested positive than negative individuals, but it was the presence of old age, diabetes mellitus and low-HDL-c that were significantly associated with risk of COVID-19 infection. Large population-based randomized controlled trials should be conducted to assess the protective effects of vitamin D supplementation against COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.