Trial reportBMC psychiatry2021
Scale development and an educational program to reduce the stigma of schizophrenia among community pharmacists: a randomized controlled trial.
Trial report in BMC psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Educational interventions to reduce mental health stigma toward patients among healthcare professionals and trainees: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Pooled it
- Schizophrenia spectrum stigma in healthcare: a systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Interventions to improve pharmacists' competency in chronic disease management: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.BMC medical education · 2024Pooled it
- Mental Health Literacy and Stigma Among Community Pharmacists in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Brief pharmacist-led intervention using a structured questionnaire to improve attitudes toward medication adherence in patients on antipsychotics: a single-site before-after study.Annals of general psychiatry · 2026Article
- Article
- Effects of the Mental Health Supporter Training Program on mental health-related public stigma among Japanese people: A pretest/posttest study.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStigma associated with mental disorders is rooted among many pharmacists, and represents a major barrier to patient support in community-based psychiatry. We developed an assessment scale that is specifically designed to assess the level of stigma that pharmacists may have toward schizophrenia, and then examined the effects of reducing stigma with an educational program that focuses on communication with patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (PDS) using the newly developed Stigma Scale towards Schizophrenia for Community Pharmacists (SSCP).
methodsSSCP was developed by exploratory factor analysis with promax rotation based on responses from 822 randomly selected community pharmacists. Furthermore, a randomized controlled trial was conducted for 115 community pharmacists to clarify the effects of reducing the stigma of schizophrenia using an educational program for them with a focus on communication with PDS. Participants were individually allocated to two groups: educational lecture group (56; only attending a lecture on schizophrenia) or contact-based intervention group (59; communicating with PDS and attending the lecture). The stigma assessment using SSCP was conducted immediately before and after the educational intervention.
resultsA total of 4 factors and 27 items were extracted from the exploratory factor analysis to comprise the SSCP. Cronbach's α of SSCP, social distance at professional pharmacy service (factor I), attitudes towards PDS (factor II), self-disclosure (factor III), and social distance in personal (factor IV) were 0.89, 0.88, 0.76, 0.62, and 0.62, respectively. Educational program-related changes of the median (interquartile range) total SSCP score from baseline were - 9.0 (- 16.0 - - 5.0) in the contact-based intervention group and - 3.0 (- 7.0-1.0) in the educational lecture group, reflecting a significant reduction of stigma levels in the contact-based intervention group. On examining the SSCP subscales, scores for factor I and factor II significantly improved. The educational program was more effective for pharmacists aged 20-39 years or with negligible experience of communicating with PDS at work and/or in private life.
conclusionsSSCP and the educational program for community pharmacists that focuses on communication with PDS were useful for assessing and reducing, respectively, the stigma attached by these pharmacists to schizophrenia.
trial registrationUMIN Clinical Trials Registry ( UMIN000043189 , registered on January 30, 2021), Retrospectively registered.
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