ArticleChemosphere2021
Influence of polymer additives on gas-phase emissions from 3D printer filaments.
Article in Chemosphere, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Particle and Chemical Emissions During Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) Using Commercial ABS- and PET-G-Based Filaments.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- 3D printing: Balancing innovation for sustainability with emerging environmental and health risks.iScience · 2025Review
- Review
- Lung cell toxicological effects of 3D printer aerosolized filament byproducts.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2025Article
- Enhancing Polylactic Acid (PLA) Performance: A Review of Additives in Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) Filaments.Polymers · 2025Review
- Pulmonary evaluation of whole-body inhalation exposure of polycarbonate (PC) filament 3D printer emissions in rats.Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A · 2024Article
- Characterization of Volatile and Particulate Emissions from Desktop 3D Printers.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Characterization of 3D printing filaments containing metal additives and their particulate emissions.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
- Microplastics and their Additives in the Indoor Environment.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2022Review
- Exposure to chemical substances and particles emitted during additive manufacturing.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Article
- Human exposure to metals in consumer-focused fused filament fabrication (FFF)/ 3D printing processes.The Science of the total environment · 2022Review
- 3D Printing of Thermo-Sensitive Drugs.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A collection of six commercially available, 3D printer filaments were analyzed with respect to their gas-phase emissions, specifically volatile organic compounds (VOCs), during simulated fused filament fabrication (FFF). Filaments were chosen because they were advertised to contain metal particles or carbon nanotubes. During experimentation, some were found to contain other non-advertised additives that greatly influenced gas-phase emissions. Three polylactic acid (PLA) filaments containing either copper, bronze, or stainless steel particles were studied along in addition to three carbon nanotube (CNT) filaments made from PLA, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), and polycarbonate (PC). The metal-additive PLA filaments were found to emit primarily lactide, acetaldehyde, and 1-chlorododecane. The presence of metal particles in the PLA is a possible cause of the increased total emissions, which were higher than any other PLA filament reported in the literature. In addition, the filament with stainless steel particles had a threefold increase in total VOCs compared to the copper and bronze particles. Two of three CNT-containing filaments emitted compounds that have not been reported before for PLA and PC. A comparison between certain emitted VOCs and their suggested maximum inhalation limits shows that printing as little as 20 g of certain filaments in a small, unventilated room can subject the user to hazardous concentrations of multiple toxic VOCs with carcinogenic properties (e.g., acetaldehyde, 1,4-dioxane, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate). The use of certain additives, whether advertised or not, should be reevaluated due to their effects on VOC emissions during 3D printing.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.