ArticleClinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases2021
Disinfectant effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses present on human skin: model-based evaluation.
Article in Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Virucidal efficacy of chlorhexidine: a systematic review.Odontology · 2022Pooled it
- Disinfection methods against SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review.The Journal of hospital infection · 2022Pooled it
- Synergistic control of viral persistence via wettability and ion release on antiviral coatings.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- A rapid and accurate protocol for quantifying livingMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Novel mechanisms of alkyldimethylbenzalkonium chloride in virucidal activity.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Potential spillover effect of eco-directed pharmaceutical disposal on pro-environmental disinfectant use among Chinese residents.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Virucidal Coatings Active Against SARS-CoV-2.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- To disinfect or not to disinfect that is the question - Procedure when drawing blood for alcohol measurements in Denmark.Practical laboratory medicine · 2024Article
- Cetylpyridinium chloride and chlorhexidine show antiviral activity against Influenza A virus and Respiratory Syncytial virus in vitro.PloS one · 2024Article
- Research progress on environmental stability of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Estimating spatially disaggregated probability of severe COVID-19 and the impact of handwashing interventions: The case of Zimbabwe.PloS one · 2023Article
- Questionnaire-Based Study Evaluating the Hand Hygiene Practices and the Impact of Disinfection in the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hand Skin Conditions in Poland.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Differences in environmental stability among SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: both omicron BA.1 and BA.2 have higher stability.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2022Article
- Disinfection and decontamination in the context of SARS-CoV-2-specific data.Journal of medical virology · 2022Review
- Application of an Ultrasonic Nebulizer Closet in the Disinfection of Textiles and Footwear.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2: A Review.Viruses · 2022Review
- Antiseptic Polymer-Surfactant Complexes with Long-Lasting Activity against SARS-CoV-2.Polymers · 2022Article
- Cationic Surfactants as Disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- The practicality and prospects for disinfection control by photocatalysis during and post-pandemic: A critical review.Environmental research · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesDisinfection effectiveness against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on human skin remains unclear because of the hazards of viral exposure. An evaluation model, which has been previously generated using human skin obtained from forensic autopsy samples, accurately mimics in vivo skin conditions for evaluating the effectiveness of disinfection against the virus. Using this model, we evaluated disinfection effectiveness against viruses on human skin.
methodsEthanol (EA), isopropanol (IPA), chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) and benzalkonium chloride (BAC) were used as target disinfectants. First, disinfectant effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus (IAV) was evaluated in vitro. Disinfectant effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and IAV on human skin was then evaluated by titrating viruses present on the skin after applying each disinfectant on the skin for 5-60 seconds.
resultsBoth, SARS-CoV-2 and IAV on human skin were completely inactivated within 5 seconds by 40%-80% EA and 70% IPA (log reduction values (LRVs) were >4). However, SARS-CoV-2 and IAV were barely inactivated by 20% EA (LRVs were <1). In vitro evaluation showed that, compared with EA and IPA, CHG and BAC were significantly inferior in terms of disinfection effectiveness. Conversely, the disinfection effectiveness of CHG and BAC against SARS-CoV-2 was higher on human skin than in vitro, and increased with increases in their concentration and reaction time (LRVs of 0.2% CHG/0.05% BAC were >2, and LRVs of 1.0% CHG/0.2% BAC were >2.5).
conclusionsProper hand hygiene practices using alcohol-based disinfectants such as EA/IPA effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and IAV on human skin.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.