ArticlePloS one2021
Abnormal serum chloride is associated with increased mortality among unselected cardiac intensive care unit patients.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dysregulated serum chloride and clinical outcomes in critically ill adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Association Between Hyperchloremia and Neurological Outcomes in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Association of a dual-index phenotype and early ICU reassessment with 28-day in-hospital mortality in cardiogenic shock: a single-center observational cohort study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting prolonged intensive care unit stay in patients with acute myocardial infarction and analysis of associated hospitalization costs.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Clinical Profiles and Outcomes of Adult Congenital Heart Disease Patients in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit.JACC. Advances · 2025Article
- Unsupervised machine learning to identify subphenotypes among cardiac intensive care unit patients with heart failure.ESC heart failure · 2024Article
- Mortality Risk Stratification Utilizing Artificial Intelligence Electrocardiogram for Hyperkalemia in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit Patients.JACC. Advances · 2024Article
- Early Hyperchloremia and Outcomes After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Analysis of Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Hypertonic Saline Trial.Critical care explorations · 2022Article
- Early Hyperchloremia is Independently Associated with Death or Disability in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage.Neurocritical care · 2022Article
- Mortality Prediction in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Systematic Review of Existing and Artificial Intelligence Augmented Approaches.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2022Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeWe sought to describe the association between serum chloride levels and mortality among unselected cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) patients. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe retrospectively reviewed adult patients admitted to our CICU from 2007 to 2015. The association of dyschloremia and hospital mortality was assessed in a multiple variable model including additional confounders, and the association of dyschloremia and post-discharge mortality were assessed using Cox proportional-hazards analysis.
results9,426 patients with a mean age of 67±15 years (37% females) were included. Admission hypochloremia was present in 1,384 (15%) patients, and hyperchloremia was present in 1,606 (17%) patients. There was a U-shaped relationship between admission chloride and unadjusted hospital mortality, with increased hospital mortality among patients with hypochloremia (unadjusted OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.5-3.6, p<0.001) or hyperchloremia (unadjusted OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.6-2.3, p<0.001). After multivariate adjustment, hypochloremia remained associated with higher hospital mortality (adjusted OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.6-2.9, p <0.001). Post-discharge mortality among hospital survivors was higher among patients with admission hypochloremia (adjusted HR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.6; p<0.001).
conclusionAbnormal serum chloride on admission to the CICU is associated with increased short- and long-term mortality, with hypochloremia being a strong independent predictor.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.