ArticleJMIR formative research2021
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical and Mental Health in China and Spain: Cross-sectional Study.
Article in JMIR formative research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of impacts of COVID-19 on depression and anxiety among general populations around the world.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Is it really over when it is over? physical, mental and emotional health status of long-term breast cancer survivors compared to healthy matched controls.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2024Article
- Mental health impact on patients with COVID-19 in the community under a long period of full lockdown in Vietnam.The Journal of international medical research · 2024Article
- Our lifestyles are back to 'normal', but is our mental health? Longitudinal assessment of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic among Spanish adults: April 2021 to August 2022.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 induced vitamin D deficiency and psychological stress: a manifestation of autoimmune disease onset.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- From fear and vulnerability to fortitude: sustaining psychological well-being in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic.South African journal of psychology = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir sielkunde · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Pandemic Control Measures and Their Impact on University Students and Family Members in a Central Region of Spain.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Predicting depression and anxiety of Chinese population during COVID-19 in psychological evaluation data by XGBoost.Journal of affective disorders · 2023Article
- Use of virtual meeting and survey technology to assess Covid-19-related mental well-being of healthcare workers.Ethics, medicine, and public health · 2023Article
- The emergence of COVID-19 over-concern immediately after the cancelation of the measures adopted by the dynamic zero-COVID policy in China.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Psychological correlates of COVID safety protocol adherence among university students.Ghana medical journal · 2023Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with long COVID and mental health status among recovered COVID-19 patients in southern Thailand.PloS one · 2023Article
- Understanding the Role of Support in Digital Mental Health Programs With Older Adults: Users' Perspective and Mixed Methods Study.JMIR formative research · 2022Article
- Reliability and factor analysis of Hindi version of IES-R scale: Effect of Rajyoga meditation on perceiving the impact of COVID-19.Dialogues in health · 2022Article
- The capacity to adapt: Documenting the relationship between stressors and probable depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress at two time points during the COVID-19 pandemic.Journal of affective disorders · 2022Article
- Predictors of Psychological Distress across Three Time Periods during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Non-Pathological Psychological Distress among Mainland Chinese in Canada and Its Sociodemographic Risk Factors amidst the Pandemic.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- A multidimensional approach to the resilience in older adults despite COVID-19.BMC geriatrics · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDifferences in physical and mental health impact across continents during the COVID-19 pandemic are unknown.
objectiveThis study compared the levels of impact of COVID-19 on mental health among people from Spain and China and correlated mental health parameters with variables relating to symptoms similar to COVID-19, COVID-19 knowledge, and precautionary measures.
methodsWe collected information on demographic data, physical symptoms, contact history with persons with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 knowledge, and precautionary measures. Participants completed the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21). To analyze the differences in the mental health parameters, the mean scores between Chinese and Spanish respondents were compared using the independent samples t test. The differences in categorical variables between the two samples were analyzed by the chi-square test. Linear regression was used to calculate the univariate associations between the independent variables and mental health parameters for both groups separately, with adjustments made for age, gender, and education.
resultsA total of 1528 participants (Spain: n=687; China: n=841) were recruited. The mean age of the Chinese respondents was 24.73 years (SD 7.60; range 18-65 years), and the mean age of the Spanish respondents was 43.06 years (SD 11.95; range 18-76 years). Spanish participants reported significantly more symptoms similar to COVID-19 infection (eg, fever, sore throat, and breathing difficulties), contact history with COVID-19, higher perceived risk of contracting COVID-19, frequent use of medical services, and less confidence in medical services compared with their Chinese counterparts (P<.001). Spanish participants reported significantly higher DASS-21 stress and depression scores, while Chinese participants reported significantly higher IES-R scores (P<.001). Chinese participants encountered more discrimination from other countries (P<.001). Significantly more Chinese participants reported using face masks than Spanish ones (P<.001). More exposure to health information was associated with adverse mental health in Spain (depression: P=.02; anxiety: P=.02; stress: P=.001).
conclusionsOur study found that Spanish respondents reported higher levels of stress and depression as well as more symptoms and use of medical services. In preparation for the next pandemic, Spain needs to establish a prompt policy to implement rapid response and enhance medical services to safeguard physical and mental health.
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