ReviewJournal of applied microbiology2021
Toilet hygiene-review and research needs.
Review in Journal of applied microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cleaning reshapes bacterial communities in public toilets through disturbance and random reassembly.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Targeted probe capture metagenomics-enabled surveillance of multidrug-resistant organisms and antimicrobial resistance genes in post-handwashing areas of public washrooms.Environmental microbiome · 2025Article
- Workplace menstrual product policies and worker well-being: Insights from Queensland, Australia.Dialogues in health · 2025Article
- So long a toilet! Deviations from a conventional design, level of latrine construction and use by rural households in Nyanga district, Zimbabwe.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Assessment of sanitation facilities in primary healthcare institutions across seven provinces in China: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Putting the mouth back in the body - the neglected area of dental and oral travel health.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2025Review
- Examination of the relationship between toilet behaviors and recurrent urinary system infection in women.Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) · 2025Article
- Exploring Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Positive Bacteria on Electronic Devices: A Comparative Experimental Study Based on the Gender of Healthcare and Nonhealthcare Workers.The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2025Article
- Privy by the Bay: Emerging hotspot analysis of 311 reports of human/animal waste near San Francisco Pit Stop locations, 2009-2022.PloS one · 2025Article
- Evaluation of an automated far ultraviolet-C light technology for decontamination of surfaces and aerosolized viruses in bathrooms.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2024Article
- Transmission of Viruses from Restroom Use: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment.Food and environmental virology · 2024Article
- Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Contaminating Plumbing Components and Sanitary Installations of Hospital Restrooms.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Activity of a foam in preventing rebound of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium-containing droplets generated from the toilet bowl.Archives of microbiology · 2024Article
- Inadequate sanitation in healthcare facilities: A comprehensive evaluation of toilets in major hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh.PloS one · 2024Article
- ATP-based assessments of recent cleaning and disinfection for high-touch surfaces in low-resource shared toilets.NPJ clean water · 2024Article
- Sustainable application of biocides to promote hygiene and minimize antimicrobial resistance.Sustainable microbiology · 2024Review
- Abundance and diversity of methicillin-resistant bacteria from bathroom surfaces at workplaces using CHROMagar media, 16S, and dnaJ gene sequence typing.International journal of molecular epidemiology and genetics · 2024Article
- Assessing the Occurrence of Host-Specific Faecal Indicator Markers in Water Systems as a Function of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices: A Case Study in Rural Communities of Vhembe District Municipality, South Africa.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- AC Electromagnetic Field Controls the Biofilms on the Glass Surface byMaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Sanitary installations and wastewater plumbing as reservoir for the long-term circulation and transmission of carbapenemase producing Citrobacter freundii clones in a hospital setting.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The goal of good toilet hygiene is minimizing the potential for pathogen transmission. Control of odours is also socially important and believed to be a societal measure of cleanliness. Understanding the need for good cleaning and disinfecting is even more important today considering the potential spread of emerging pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 virus. While the flush toilet was a major advancement in achieving these objectives, exposure to pathogens can occur from failure to clean and disinfect areas within a restroom, as well as poor hand hygiene. The build-up of biofilm within a toilet bowl/urinal including sink can result in the persistence of pathogens and odours. During flushing, pathogens can be ejected from the toilet bowl/urinal/sink and be transmitted by inhalation and contaminated fomites. Use of automatic toilet bowl cleaners can reduce the number of microorganisms ejected during a flush. Salmonella bacteria can colonize the underside of the rim of toilets and persist up to 50 days. Pathogenic enteric bacteria appear in greater numbers in the biofilm found in toilets than in the water. Source tracking of bacteria in homes has demonstrated that during cleaning enteric bacteria are transferred from the toilet to the bathroom sinks and that these same bacteria colonize cleaning tools used in the restroom. Quantitative microbial risk assessment has shown that significant risks exist from both aerosols and fomites in restrooms. Cleaning with soaps and detergents without the use of disinfectants in public restrooms may spread bacteria and viruses throughout the restroom. Odours in restrooms are largely controlled by ventilation and flushing volume in toilet/urinals. However, this results in increased energy and water usage. Contamination of both the air and surfaces in restrooms is well documented. Better quantification of the risks of infection are needed as this will help determine what interventions will minimize these risks.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.