Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33898531›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in robotics and AI2021

Can Robots Earn Our Trust the Same Way Humans Do? A Systematic Exploration of Competence, Warmth, and Anthropomorphism as Determinants of Trust Development in HRI.

Lara Christoforakos, Alessio Gallucci, Tinatini Surmava-Große, Daniel Ullrich, Sarah Diefenbach

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in robotics and AI, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
26citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  5. Young Adults' Needs in Social Robot Assisted Medication Counselling: Applying Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Model.Nursing philosophy : an international journal for healthcare professionals · 2026
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  8. Politeness cannot make up for robots' errors.Frontiers in robotics and AI · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Lara ChristoforakosDepartment of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Alessio GallucciDepartment of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Tinatini Surmava-GroßeDepartment of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Daniel UllrichDepartment of Computer Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Sarah DiefenbachDepartment of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Robots increasingly act as our social counterparts in domains such as healthcare and retail. For these human-robot interactions (HRI) to be effective, a question arises on whether we trust robots the same way we trust humans. We investigated whether the determinants competence and warmth, known to influence interpersonal trust development, influence trust development in HRI, and what role anthropomorphism plays in this interrelation. In two online studies with 2 × 2 between-subjects design, we investigated the role of robot competence (Study 1) and robot warmth (Study 2) in trust development in HRI. Each study explored the role of robot anthropomorphism in the respective interrelation. Videos showing an HRI were used for manipulations of robot competence (through varying gameplay competence) and robot anthropomorphism (through verbal and non-verbal design cues and the robot's presentation within the study introduction) in Study 1 (

Indexed as

anthropomorphismcompetencehuman-robot interactionsocial robotstrusttrust developmenttrustworthinesswarmth

Identifiers

PMID33898531
PMCPMC8062752

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.