ArticleCentral-European journal of immunology2021
The dual role of the immune system in the course of COVID-19. The fatal impact of the aging immune system.
Article in Central-European journal of immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunomodulatory Effects of RAAS Inhibitors: Beyond Hypertension and Heart Failure.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variants Are Induced by Coinfections With Dengue.Bioinformatics and biology insights · 2024Article
- Comparison of plasma mitochondrial DNA copy number in asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Association of human leukocyte antigen class II alleles with epithelial cell apoptosis and extracellular matrix production in acute COVID-19.Central-European journal of immunology · 2023Article
- Immunomodulatory Activity of the Most Commonly Used Antihypertensive Drugs-Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- A Natural Plant Source-Tea Polyphenols, a Potential Drug for Improving Immunity and Combating Virus.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Validation of the test for detecting SARS--CoV-2 antigens in the Polish population in patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection.Central-European journal of immunology · 2022Article
- The analysis of Fe-dependent serum enzymes in severe COVID-19 with a pulmonary thrombotic event.Central-European journal of immunology · 2022Article
- A novel hypothesis for COVID-19 pathogenesis: Retinol depletion and retinoid signaling disorder.Cellular signalling · 2021Article
- Estimation of viral kinetics model parameters in young and aged SARS-CoV-2 infected macaques.Royal Society open science · 2021Article
- ACE2, the Counter-Regulatory Renin-Angiotensin System Axis and COVID-19 Severity.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Since October 2020 the second wave of the pandemic has been observed around the world, as pathogen specific herd immunity has not been built yet. Moreover, the current, more contagious pathogen carrying the D614G mutation has become the globally dominant form of SARS-CoV-2. In this article we present the current state of knowledge on the impact of ACE2 and the reninangiotensin system (RAS) and the innate immune system on different outcomes of COVID-19. Especially, we point out the dual role of the immune system and ACE2 in pathogenesis of the disease. Namely, at the initial stage of the infection anti-viral activity of innate immunity is responsible for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication. On the other hand, a dysregulated immune response may cause the detrimental hyperinflammation ("cytokine storm") responsible for the severe course of the disease. Concomitantly, we analyse the roles of ACE2 in both facilitation of infection and abrogation of its effects, as the major cellular entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and an important enzyme responsible for tissue protection, respectively. Finally, we discuss the dominant impact of aging on the fatal outcome of COVID-19.
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