ArticleBMJ open2021
Gender inequality and the double burden of disease in low-income and middle-income countries: an ecological study.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Climate change and gendered vulnerability: A systematic review of women's health.Women's health (London, England)Pooled it
- An intervention to address prenatal anxiety improves maternal-infant bonding, with effects mediated by maternal-infant responsiveness, maternal self-efficacy, and postpartum depression.Infant mental health journal · 2025Trial
- Precision medicine in low-income settings and small island developing states.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Sex-specific differences in obesity among adults in Bangladesh: a nationally representative cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Article
- Parenting under the triple burden of violence, depression, and poor diet quality: An intergenerational mother-child syndemic in Nepal.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with self-reported sexually transmitted infections in Myanmar: analysis of national survey data.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Master protocols in low- and middle-income countries: a review of current use, limitations and opportunities for precision medicine.BMJ global health · 2025Review
- Sex disparity in non-communicable disease burden in Iran from 1990 to 2021 based on the global burden of disease study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Lancet (London, England) · 2025Article
- Global burden of neck pain and its gender and regional inequalities from 1990 - 2021: a comprehensive analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of acute glomerulonephritis in children and adolescents: 1990-2021 analysis and future projections.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Temporal Trends, Health Inequalities, and Risk Factors in the Global, Regional, and National Burden of Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Women of Child-Bearing Age (1990-2021): Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study.International journal of women's health · 2025Article
- Barriers to global engagement for African researchers: A position paper from the Alliance for Medical Research in Africa (AMedRA).Journal of global health · 2024Article
- Gender disparities in lost productivity resulting from non-communicable diseases in Mexico, 2005-2021.Journal of global health · 2024Article
- Childhood Obesity and Its Comorbidities in High-Risk Minority Populations: Prevalence, Prevention and Lifestyle Intervention Guidelines.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Differences across the lifespan between females and males in the top 20 causes of disease burden globally: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.The Lancet. Public health · 2024Article
- Worldwide association of the gender inequality with the incidence and mortality of cervical, ovarian, endometrial, and breast cancers.SSM - population health · 2024Article
- Gender inequality and burden of orofacial clefts in the Eastern Mediterranean region: findings from global burden of disease study 1990-2019.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Reducing intervention- and research-induced inequalities to tackle the digital divide in health promotion.International journal for equity in health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
introductionMany low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) suffer from a double burden of infectious diseases (ID) and non-communicable diseases (NCD). Previous research suggests that a high rate of gender inequality is associated with a higher ID and NCD burden in LMIC, but it is unknown whether gender inequality is also associated with a double burden of disease. In this ecological study, we explored the association between gender inequality and the double burden of disease in LMIC.
methodsFor 108 LMIC, we retrieved the Gender Inequality Index (GII, scale 0-1) and calculated the double burden of disease, based on disability-adjusted life-years for a selection of relevant ID and NCD, using WHO data. We performed logistic regression analysis to study the association between gender inequality and the double burden of disease for the total population, and stratified for men and women. We adjusted for income, political stability, type of labour, urbanisation, government health expenditure, health infrastructure and unemployment. Additionally, we conducted linear regression models for the ID and NCD separately.
resultsThe GII ranged from 0.13 to 0.83. A total of 37 LMIC had a double burden of disease. Overall, the adjusted OR for double burden of disease was 1.05 per 0.01 increase of GII (95% CI 0.99 to 1.10, p=0.10). For women, there was a borderline significant positive association between gender inequality and double burden of disease (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.11, p=0.06), while there was no association in men (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.04, p=0.75).
conclusionWe found patterns directing towards a positive association between gender inequality and double burden of disease, overall and in women. This finding suggests the need for more attention for structural factors underlying gender inequality to potentially reduce the double burden of disease.
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