ArticlePneumonia (Nathan Qld.)2021
Carriage of upper respiratory tract pathogens in rural communities of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo.
Article in Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Serotype diversity and risk factors for pneumococcal carriage among healthy children in Klang Valley, Malaysia: A pre-vaccination cross-sectional study.IJID regions · 2026Article
- Prevalence of pneumococcal carriage and risk factors for pneumonia and carriage among under-5 children in Malaysia: findings from the MY-Pneumo study.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2025Article
- Longitudinal prevalence and co-carriage of pathogens associated with nursing home acquired pneumonia in three long-term care facilities.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of multidrug resistant bacteria among children at University of Gondar Hospital Northwest Ethiopia Revealing Hidden Health Risks.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Detection of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the nasal cavities and evaluation of sinus disorders in patients undergoing Le Fort I osteotomy.BMC oral health · 2024Article
- Respiratory carriage of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae by indigenous populations of Malaysia.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- A brief history of and future prospects for pneumococcal vaccination in Malaysia.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2023Review
- Investigation of Upper Respiratory Carriage of Bacterial Pathogens among University Students in Kampar, Malaysia.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Diagnostic performance of an in-house multiplex PCR assay and the retrospective surveillance of bacterial respiratory pathogens at a teaching hospital, Kelantan, Malaysia.Pathogens and global health · 2023Article
- Meningococcal Disease and Immunization Activities in Hajj and Umrah Pilgrimage: a review.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionPneumonia is a leading cause of death in Malaysia. Whilst many studies have reported the aetiology of pneumonia in Western countries, the epidemiology of pneumonia in Malaysia remains poorly understood. As carriage is a prerequisite for disease, we sought to improve our understanding of the carriage and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of respiratory tract pathogens in Malaysia. The rural communities of Sarawak are an understudied part of the Malaysian population and were the focus of this study, allowing us to gain a better understanding of bacterial epidemiology in this population.
methodsA population-based survey of bacterial carriage was undertaken in participants of all ages from rural communities in Sarawak, Malaysia. Nasopharyngeal, nasal, mouth and oropharyngeal swabs were taken. Bacteria were isolated from each swab and identified by culture-based methods and antimicrobial susceptibility testing conducted by disk diffusion or E test.
results140 participants were recruited from five rural communities. Klebsiella pneumoniae was most commonly isolated from participants (30.0%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (20.7%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (10.7%), Haemophilus influenzae (9.3%), Moraxella catarrhalis (6.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.4%) and Neisseria meningitidis (5.0%). Of the 21 S. pneumoniae isolated, 33.3 and 14.3% were serotypes included in the 13 valent PCV (PCV13) and 10 valent PCV (PCV10) respectively. 33.8% of all species were resistant to at least one antibiotic, however all bacterial species except S. pneumoniae were susceptible to at least one type of antibiotic.
conclusionTo our knowledge, this is the first bacterial carriage study undertaken in East Malaysia. We provide valuable and timely data regarding the epidemiology and AMR of respiratory pathogens commonly associated with pneumonia. Further surveillance in Malaysia is necessary to monitor changes in the carriage prevalence of upper respiratory tract pathogens and the emergence of AMR, particularly as PCV is added to the National Immunisation Programme (NIP).
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