ReviewRheumatology international2021
Systemic toxicity of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: prevalence, mechanisms, risk factors, prognostic and screening possibilities.
Review in Rheumatology international, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unc-51 like kinase 3 (ULK3) contributes to autophagy and cell survival in multiple myeloma.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Frequency and clinical characteristics of hydroxychloroquine-induced pigmentation in Japanese paediatric patients: a retrospective cohort study.Rheumatology international · 2026Article
- Photocaged Chloroquine Derivatives for the Light-Dependent Inhibition of Autophagy in Cancer Stem Cells.ACS chemical biology · 2026Article
- Postural imbalance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study.Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) · 2026Article
- Mitigating Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Oxidative Liver Damage: The Roles of Adenosine Triphosphate, Liv-52, and Their Combination in Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The effect of Hippophae rhamnoides on Hydroxychloroquine-Induced stomatitis in rats.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2025Article
- The crosstalk between MiRNAs and autophagy in leukemia: mechanisms and therapeutic insights.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Integrating Chemo- and Bioinformatics withJournal of chemical information and modeling · 2025Article
- A Case Series and Review of Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity and Monitoring: How Do We Dose Hydroxychloroquine?Cureus · 2025Article
- Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: Immunomodulatory effects in autoimmune diseases.World journal of biological chemistry · 2025Review
- Article
- Screening of patient-derived organoids identifies mitophagy as a cell-intrinsic vulnerability in colorectal cancer during statin treatment.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Systemic Lupus Erythematous: A Case Report and Literature Review.Cureus · 2025Article
- Hydroxychloroquine: A double‑edged sword (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- Influence of CYP2C8 Polymorphism on the Exposure to Chloroquine in Patients with Malaria byInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Innate immune and endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response pathways protectJournal of biosciences · 2025Article
- Anti-retinal Autoantibodies in Hydroxychloroquine Eye Toxicity.ACR open rheumatology · 2025Article
- A new 3-arylbenzofuran derivative EIE-2 reestablishes Treg-dependent tolerance in rheumatoid arthritis by targeting on Syk induced mTOR and PKCθ imbalance.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Early-onset bull's eye maculopathy due to hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis and myasthenia gravis.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Target protein identification in live cells and organisms with a non-diffusive proximity tagging system.eLife · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and its hydroxylated analog, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), are 4-aminoquinoline initially used as an antimalarial treatment. CQ and HCQ (4-aminoquinoline, 4-AQ) are today used in rheumatology, especially to treat rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Their mechanism of action revolves around a singular triptych: 4-AQ acts as alkalizing agents, ionized amphiphilic molecules, and by binding to numerous targets. 4-AQ have so pleiotropic and original mechanisms of action, providing them an effect at the heart of the regulation of several physiological functions. However, this broad spectrum of action is also at the origin of various and original side effects, notably a remarkable chronic systemic toxicity. We describe here the 4-AQ-induced lesions on the eye, the heart, muscle, the nerves, the inner ear, and the kidney. We also describe their prevalence, their pathophysiological mechanisms, their risk factors, their potential severity, and the means to detect them early. Most of these side effects are reversible if treatment is stopped promptly. This 4-AQ-induced toxicity must be known to prescribing physicians, to closely monitor its appearance and stop treatment in time if necessary.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.