ArticleInternational urogynecology journal2021
Novel 3D MRI technique to measure perineal membrane structural changes with pregnancy and childbirth: Technique development and measurement feasibility.
Article in International urogynecology journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Perineal Membrane Structural Changes: An Unstudied Aspect of Prolapse.International urogynecology journal · 2026Article
- Female pelvic floor protection-Where do we have to go?Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2026Review
- Urogenital Hiatus Closure System: A Framework for Understanding how Muscle, Motor Control, and Fascial Connections Interact in Normal and Failed Closure.International urogynecology journal · 2026Review
- A Comparative MRI Study of Superficial Perineal Musculature in Women with Pelvic Organ Prolapse, and in Parous and Nulliparous Controls.International urogynecology journal · 2026Observational
- Chapter 4.5: New Proposed Treatments for Pelvic Organ Prolapse.International urogynecology journal · 2026Review
- Urogenital Hiatus Closure: Facts, Fallacies, and Why a Unified Theory of Hiatal Failure is Needed.International urogynecology journal · 2025Article
- Two minutes is sufficient to characterize the viscoelastic properties of the human lower birth canal during the first stage of labor.Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) · 2025Article
- A unified pelvic floor conceptual model for studying morphological changes with prolapse, age, and parity.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2024Review
- Pelvic floor injury during vaginal birth is life-altering and preventable: what can we do about it?American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2024Review
- Functional Anatomy of Urogenital Hiatus Closure: the Perineal Complex Triad Hypothesis.International urogynecology journal · 2024Article
- Hiatal failure: effects of pregnancy, delivery, and pelvic floor disorders on level III factors.International urogynecology journal · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introduction and hypothesisWe aimed to develop and validate a new MRI-based perineal membrane reconstruction and morphological measurement technique, and test its feasibility on nulliparous and parous women to determine the effects of pregnancy and childbirth on the perineal membrane.
methodsThe perineal membrane was traced on high-resolution MRI using 3D Slicer® and analyses performed using Rhinoceros 6.0 SR23®. Validation was done by comparing MRI-based perineal membrane reconstruction to dissection measurements in a cadaver. Feasibility of reconstruction was assessed in the following three groups: nulliparous (NP), primiparous women who underwent cesarean delivery (CD), and primiparous women with vaginal delivery (VD). The following parameters were measured: (1) swinging door angle, (2) bony and (3) soft tissue attachment lengths, (4) separation at perineal body level, (5) surface area, and (6) hiatal area. ANOVA and post-hoc comparisons were performed, and the effect sizes (d) were reported.
resultsModel reconstruction was similar to cadaver dissection findings. Morphological measurements were feasible in all women (NP, n = 10; CS, n = 6; VD, n = 19). Swinging door angle was 13
conclusionThis novel and anatomically validated MRI-based perineal membrane reconstruction technique is feasible. Preliminary findings show that pregnancy and childbirth both influence perineal membrane morphology with VD being associated with the largest swinging door angle and perineal body separation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.