ReviewBrain : a journal of neurology2021
Emerging principles of brain immunology and immune checkpoint blockade in brain metastases.
Review in Brain : a journal of neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier modulation for drug delivery in recurrent glioblastoma: A systematic review.The Indian journal of medical research · 2026Pooled it
- Extra-Neural Metastases From Primary Intracranial Ependymomas: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Leptomeningeal Disease: A Systematic Review.Anticancer research · 2021Pooled it
- Spatial immune atlas of breast cancer brain metastasis reveals CD163Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Future directions in the treatment of brain metastases: evaluating the role of cellular players in the tumour microenvironment.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Review
- Astrocyte-driven immunosuppression in the brain tumor microenvironment.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Cholesterol Promotes Lung Adenocarcinoma Brain Metastasis by Stabilizing EGFR Protein to Drive EMT, Metabolic Reprogramming, and Premetastatic Niche Formation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Efficacy and mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitors in late-stage EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer following targeted therapy resistance.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The paracrine effects of tumor cells on endothelial cells and macrophages in brain metastases with different primary sites.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Tumor immune-vascular crosstalk: synergy and translation of immune checkpoint inhibitors and anti-angiogenic agents in melanoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Synergy of radiotherapy, focused ultrasound, and immunotherapy in the treatment of brain metastases.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- Cancer cell-monocyte co-culture spheroids recapitulate pro-tumorigenic, immunosuppressive, and drug-resistant microenvironments in brain metastatic breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- Progression and Metastasis of Lung Cancer: Clinical Features, Molecular Mechanisms, and Clinical Managements.MedComm · 2025Review
- Prospects and applications of NK therapy in the treatment of gliomas (Review).Oncology reports · 2025Review
- PI3K and PINK1 Immunoexpression as Predictors of Survival in Patients Undergoing Resection of Brain Metastases from Lung Adenocarcinoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Deciphering the Blood-Brain Barrier Paradox in Brain Metastasis Development and Therapy.Cancers · 2025Review
- Are brain metastases a special issue in POLE-mutated endometrial cancer? a case report series.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- A stage IV lung squamous cell cancer patient with brain metastases, high PD-L1 & TMB, achieves pCR and long-term survival after immune-chemotherapy and radical surgery: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- B cell immunity and therapeutic opportunities in brain metastases.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Network-based analysis of heterogeneous patient-matched brain and extracranial melanoma metastasis pairs reveals three homogeneous subgroups.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Brain metastases are the most common type of brain tumours, harbouring an immune microenvironment that can in principle be targeted via immunotherapy. Elucidating some of the immunological intricacies of brain metastases has opened a therapeutic window to explore the potential of immune checkpoint inhibitors in this globally lethal disease. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that tumour cells hijack the immune regulatory mechanisms in the brain for the benefit of their own survival and progression. Nonetheless, the role of the immune checkpoint in the complex interplays between cancers cells and T cells and in conferring resistance to therapy remains under investigation. Meanwhile, early phase trials with immune checkpoint inhibitors have reported clinical benefit in patients with brain metastases from melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. In this review, we explore the workings of the immune system in the brain, the immunology of brain metastases, and the current status of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of brain metastases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.