ArticleBMC public health2021
Factors associated with crack-cocaine early initiation: a Brazilian multicenter study.
Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and factors associated with alcohol and illicit drug use among Brazilian youth: a multicenter cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Crack Cocaine Smoke Induces Tissue Degeneration in Rat Submandibular Glands by Toll-like Signaling Pathway.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2025Article
- Cingulate cortical thickness in cocaine use disorder: mediation effect between early life stress and cocaine consumption.Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2024Article
- Stimulant misuse among youth.Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCrack-cocaine dependence is a serious public health issue, related to several psychiatric and psychosocial problems. Crack-cocaine users are usually embedded in a context of great social vulnerability, often associated with violence, poverty, family conflict and easy and early access to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs.
methodsThis cross-sectional study enrolled a consecutive sample of 577 patients admitted to 20 therapeutic communities located in Southern Brazil, between September 2012 and September 2013. A structured interview assessed life-time exposure to risk and protective factors for drug use, such as parental monitoring in childhood, deviant behaviors and peer pressure.
resultsPresence of family conflict (p = 0.002), maltreatment (p = 0.016), and deviant behavior prior to age 15 in a bivariate analysis predicted an earlier age of crack-cocaine initiation, whereas adolescents experiencing parental monitoring during adolescence started use later (p < 0.001). In the multivariate model, perceptions related to ease of access of illicit drugs (marijuana: p = 0.028, 95% CI = - 3.81, - 0.22; crack-cocaine: p < 0.001, 95% CI = - 7.40, - 4.90), and deviant behavior (threatening someone with a gun: p = 0.028, 95% CI = - 2.57, - 0.14) remained independent predictors of early age of crack-cocaine initiation.
conclusionsEarly onset of crack-cocaine use seems to be associated with exposure to family conflict, easy access to drugs and deviant behavior. Treatment and preventive programs should take these factors into account when designing and implementing community interventions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.