ArticlePloS one2021
Association between urinary arsenic, blood cadmium, blood lead, and blood mercury levels and serum prostate-specific antigen in a population-based cohort of men in the United States.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heavy metal carcinogenicity: a scoping review of observational & experimental evidence.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Heavy metals in biological samples of cancer patients: a systematic literature review.Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Genetic Polymorphisms and Antioxidant Reactions in Prostate Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Prostate Cancer in the MENA Region: Attributable Burden of Behavioral and Environmental Exposures.Toxics · 2026Article
- A Case-Control Study of Association Between Serum Levels of 19 Trace Elements with Prostate Cancer in Southwest China.Biological trace element research · 2025Article
- Multivariate Statistical Evaluation of 20 Metals/Metalloid Levels in the Serum of Patients with Prostate Gland Diseases.Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB · 2025Article
- The Role of Trace Metals in the Development and Progression of Prostate Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Arsenic and Human Health: New Molecular Mechanisms For Arsenic-Induced Cancers.Current pollution reports · 2023Article
- Comparison of toxic heavy metals in the breast milk of diabetic and non-diabetic postpartum mothers in Yenagoa, Nigeria.PloS one · 2023Article
- Zinc in Prostate Health and Disease: A Mini Review.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Environmental Exposure to Metals, Parameters of Oxidative Stress in Blood and Prostate Cancer: Results from Two Cohorts.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Assessing volatile organic compounds exposure and prostate-specific antigen: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2010.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Exposures to heavy metals have been linked to prostate cancer risk. The relationship of these exposures with serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a marker used for prostate cancer screening, is unknown. We examined whether total urinary arsenic, urinary dimethylarsonic acid, blood cadmium, blood lead, and total blood mercury levels are associated with elevated PSA among presumably healthy U.S. men. Prostate cancer-free men, aged ≥40 years, were identified from the 2003-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Logistic regression analyses with survey sample weights were used to examine the association between heavy metal levels and elevated PSA for the total population and stratified by black and white race, after adjusting for confounders. There were 5,477 men included. Approximately 7% had elevated PSA. Men with an elevated PSA had statistically significantly higher levels of blood cadmium and blood lead compared to men with a normal PSA (p-values ≤ 0.02), with black men having higher levels. After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, smoking, and education, there was no association found between any of the heavy metal levels and elevated PSA for the total population. In addition, there was no association found when stratified by black and white race. Further investigation is warranted in a larger cohort of men who persistently are exposed to these heavy metals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.