ArticleFrontiers in cellular neuroscience2021
Inflammatory Cytokine Profile and Plasticity of Brain and Spinal Microglia in Response to ATP and Glutamate.
Article in Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Microglia response and function in a chronic model of photoreceptor damage.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Article
- Resveratrol Upregulates miR-124-3p Expression to Target DAPK1, Regulating the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD Pathway to Inhibit Pyroptosis and Alleviate Spinal Cord Injury.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
- The roles of immune factors in neurodevelopment.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Review
- Cytokines IL-1β and IL-10 are required for Müller glia proliferation following light damage in the adult zebrafish retina.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Article
- The impact of oxygen content onFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Naïve Huntington's disease microglia mount a normal response to inflammatory stimuli but display a partially impaired development of innate immune tolerance that can be counteracted by ganglioside GM1.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Article
- Review
- Modulation of Neuropathic Pain by Glial Regulation in the Insular Cortex of Rats.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2022Article
- Neuronal Adenosine AFrontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2022Article
- Glutamate and GABA in Microglia-Neuron Cross-Talk in Alzheimer's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microglia are the primary cells in the central nervous system that identify and respond to injury or damage. Such a perturbation in the nervous system induces the release of molecules including ATP and glutamate that act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are detected by microglia, which then regulate the inflammatory response in a manner sensitive to their surrounding environment. The available data indicates that ATP and glutamate can induce the release of pro inflammatory factors TNF (tumor necrosis factor), IL-1β (interleukin 1 beta), and NO (nitric oxide) from microglia. However, non-physiological concentrations of ATP and glutamate were often used to derive these insights. Here, we have compared the response of spinal cord microglia (SM) relative to brain microglia (BM) using physiologically relevant concentrations of glutamate and ATP that mimic injured conditions in the central nervous system. The data show that ATP and glutamate are not significant modulators of the release of cytokines from either BM or SM. Consistent with previous studies, spinal microglia exhibited a general trend toward reduced release of inflammatory cytokines relative to brain-derived microglia. Moreover, we demonstrate that the responses of microglia to these DAMPs can be altered by modifying the biochemical milieu in their surrounding environment. Preconditioning brain derived microglia with media from spinal cord derived mixed glial cultures shifted their release of IL-1ß and IL-6 to a less inflammatory phenotype consistent with spinal microglia.
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