Observational studyJournal of emergency nursing2021
A Time and Motion Analysis of Nursing Workload and Electronic Health Record Use in the Emergency Department.
Observational study in Journal of emergency nursing, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Protocol for Developing a Staffing Prediction Model for Neonatal Care Using Time-Motion Data.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Shift-Specific Patterns of Nursing Workloads in the Emergency Department: AI Powered Analysis.Journal of advanced nursing · 2026Observational
- Identifying the Virtual Workload of Advanced Practice Nurses in the Delivery of Direct Patient Care: A Time and Motion Study.Journal of advanced nursing · 2026Observational
- Ambient AI Scribes and Emergency Department Documentation Burden: Retrospective Cohort Study.JMIR AI · 2026Article
- The Paradox of Technological Tenderness: The Disappearance and Reconstruction of Neonatal Touch in the NICU.Nursing inquiry · 2026Article
- Clinical Barriers to Hands-Free, Eyes-Free Voice Input for Nursing Records: Field Usability Study.Asian/Pacific Island nursing journal · 2026Article
- Digital solutions in acute medicine: Will electronic health records join up the patient journey (soon?).Future healthcare journal · 2026Article
- Assessments Under Pressure: Interviews With Triage Nurses in Emergency Departments: An Exploratory Descriptive Qualitative Study.Journal of advanced nursing · 2026Article
- Integrating a Large Language Model to Streamline Nursing Handover Documentation Across Multiple Hospitals in Taiwan: Development and Implementation Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Time Burden of Electronic Medical Records on Nurses and Physicians in Saudi Arabia: Occurrence, Predictors, and Challenges-A Mixed-Methods Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Application of a machine learning model to predict the estimated primary care patient time consumption.npj health systems · 2026Article
- Article
- The reality of neonatal nursing work in Kenya and implications for quality and safety: Direct observation of tasks and time utilisation.International journal of nursing studies · 2025Article
- Working time distribution and administrative burden in Austrian community health nursing: A cross-sectional survey.International journal of nursing studies advances · 2025Article
- How much time do nurses in Norwegian emergency departments spend on different work tasks with and without a clinical pharmacist present-a time and motion study.BMC emergency medicine · 2025Observational
- Factors Influencing Information Distortion in Electronic Nursing Records: Qualitative Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Accuracy of Dysphagia Screening by Non-clinical Research Staff in the Emergency Department.Dysphagia · 2025Article
- Workload in the Surgical Center: perceptions, activities and time spent by nurses.Revista latino-americana de enfermagem · 2025Article
- Optimizing Nursing Communication for Symptom Management in Hemodialysis: Development of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Web Predictive Model for Burden Classification and Evidence Navigation.Journal of nursing management · 2025Article
- Electronic health record system use and documentation burden of acute and critical care nurse clinicians: a mixed-methods study.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThe use of an electronic health record may create unanticipated consequences for emergency care delivery. We sought to describe emergency department nursing task distribution and the use of the electronic health record.
methodsThis was a prospective observational study of nurses in the emergency department using a time-and-motion methodology. Three trained research assistants conducted 1:1 observations between March and September 2019. Nurse tasks were classified into 6 established categories: electronic health record, direct/indirect patient care, communication, personal time, and other. Nurses' perceived workload was assessed using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Task Load Index.
resultsTwenty-three observations were conducted over 46 hours. Overall, nurses spent 27% of their time on electronic health record tasks, 25% on direct patient care, 17% on personal time, 15% on indirect patient care, and 6% on communication. During morning (7 am-12 pm) and afternoon shifts (12 pm-3 pm), the use of the health record was the most commonly performed task, whereas indirect patient care was the task most performed during evening shifts (3 pm-12 pm). Using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Task Load Index, nurses reported an increase in mental demand and effort during afternoon shifts compared with morning shifts. DISCUSSION: We observed that emergency nurses spent more time using the electronic health record as compared to other tasks. Increased usability of the electronic health record, particularly during high occupancy periods, may be a target for improvement.
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