Observational studyBMC public health2021
Association of working shifts, inside and outside of healthcare, with severe COVID-19: an observational study.
Observational study in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Night-shift work and susceptibility to infectious diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health · 2025Pooled it
- Sufficient Sleep, Time of Vaccination, and Vaccine Efficacy: A Systematic Review of the Current Evidence and a Proposal for COVID-19 Vaccination.The Yale journal of biology and medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Decoding the impact of night/day shiftwork on well-being among healthcare workers.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Circadian Disruption in Night Shift Work and Its Association with Chronic Pulmonary Diseases.Advanced biology · 2023Review
- The multiple roles of salt-inducible kinases in regulating physiology.Physiological reviews · 2023Review
- Circadian regulation of pulmonary disease: the importance of timing.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2023Review
- Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption alters the lung transcriptome to predispose to viral infection.iScience · 2023Article
- Longitudinal changes in proportionate mortality due to COVID-19 by occupation in England and Wales.Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health · 2022Article
- Occupational characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the UK Biobank during August-November 2020: a cohort study.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Exploring the Associated Factors of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Healthcare Shift Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers during second wave in England and impact of vaccines: prospective multicentre cohort study (SIREN) and mathematical model.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2022Article
- Occupational differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection: analysis of the UK ONS COVID-19 infection survey.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2022Article
- The Importance of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms for Vaccination Success and Susceptibility to Viral Infections.Clocks & sleep · 2022Review
- Circadian Disruption and Occupational Toxicants Exposure Affecting the Immunity of Shift Workers During SARS CoV-2 Pandemic.Frontiers in public health · 2022Review
- Association Between Accelerometer-Assessed Physical Activity and Severity of COVID-19 in UK Biobank.Mayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality & outcomes · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHealth and key workers have elevated odds of developing severe COVID-19; it is not known, however, if this is exacerbated in those with irregular work patterns. We aimed to investigate the odds of developing severe COVID-19 in health and shift workers.
methodsWe included UK Biobank participants in employment or self-employed at baseline (2006-2010) and with linked COVID-19 data to 31st August 2020. Participants were grouped as neither a health worker nor shift worker (reference category) at baseline, health worker only, shift worker only, or both, and associations with severe COVID-19 investigated in logistic regressions.
resultsOf 235,685 participants (81·5% neither health nor shift worker, 1·4% health worker only, 16·9% shift worker only, and 0·3% both), there were 580 (0·25%) cases of severe COVID-19. The odds of severe COVID-19 was higher in health workers (adjusted odds ratio: 2·32 [95% CI: 1·33, 4·05]; shift workers (2·06 [1·72, 2·47]); and in health workers who worked shifts (7·56 [3·86, 14·79]). Being both a health worker and a shift worker had a possible greater impact on the odds of severe COVID-19 in South Asian and Black and African Caribbean ethnicities compared to White individuals.
conclusionsBoth health and shift work (measured at baseline, 2006-2010) were independently associated with over twice the odds of severe COVID-19 in 2020; the odds were over seven times higher in health workers who work shifts. Vaccinations, therapeutic and preventative options should take into consideration not only health and key worker status but also shift worker status.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.