ReviewJournal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)2021
Rodent models for nicotine withdrawal.
Review in Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- The neuroimmune-glutamate hypothesis of addiction.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2026Review
- Discriminative stimulus and locomotor activity profiles of nicotine and varenicline.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2026Article
- Nicotine-Mediated Redox and Nitrosative Stress in Cardiorenal Health.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2026Review
- Dentate Gyrus ERK1/2-BDNF Signaling is Required for the Antidepressant Effect of Microglial Stimulation in a Male Mouse Model of Depression Induced by Adolescent Nicotine Exposure.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Cordycepin alleviates nicotine withdrawal-induced anxietyDrug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Neurobehavioral Effects of "Dry Hit" Nicotine E-Cigarette Vapor Inhalation in Adolescent Wistar Rats.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective effects of naringenin on nicotine-induced anxiety and depression: Involvement of monoaminergic systems, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation on male rats.Current research in pharmacology and drug discovery · 2026Article
- Prenatal Cannabis and Tobacco: Studies in Animal Models.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Morphine and nicotine intake in high drinking in the dark mice is reduced by informatics-nominated and translationally relevant compounds.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Chemogenetic control of GABAergic neurons within the interpeduncular nucleus reveals dissociable behavioral components of the nicotine withdrawal phenotype.Neurobiology of disease · 2026Article
- Theobromine prevents affective symptoms of nicotine withdrawal by modulating the neuroendocrine and immune systems, as well as the glutathione mechanism in the hippocampus.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Article
- The influence of stress and social defeat on neurobiological reinforcement mechanisms across reward to withdrawal in nicotine addiction.Psychopharmacology · 2025Review
- The effects of nicotine on sleep in female C57BL/6J mice.Behavioural brain research · 2025Article
- Article
- Nicotine induces abnormal motor coupling through sensitization of a mechanosensory circuit in Caenorhabditis elegans.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Associations of Trait Psychomotor Restlessness and Agitation With Tobacco Withdrawal Symptoms in a Nonclinical Sample of Adults Who Smoke Cigarettes.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Nicotine Withdrawal Drives Aversive Behaviors by Recruiting Inhibitory Interpeduncular Nucleus Inputs to the Laterodorsal Tegmentum in Mice.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Arginine Metabolism and Adenosine Receptor Signals in the Cerebellum Contribute to Nicotine Withdrawal-Induced Anxiety/Depression-Like Behaviours.Addiction biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Insights into the effect of pre- and postnatal nicotine exposure on cardiovascular development and function.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAnimal models are critical to improve our understanding of the neuronal mechanisms underlying nicotine withdrawal. Nicotine dependence in rodents can be established by repeated nicotine injections, chronic nicotine infusion via osmotic minipumps, oral nicotine intake, tobacco smoke exposure, nicotine vapor exposure, and e-cigarette aerosol exposure. The time course of nicotine withdrawal symptoms associated with these methods has not been reviewed in the literature.
aimThe goal of this review is to discuss nicotine withdrawal symptoms associated with the cessation of nicotine, tobacco smoke, nicotine vapor, and e-cigarette aerosol exposure in rats and mice. Furthermore, age and sex differences in nicotine withdrawal symptoms are reviewed.
resultsCessation of nicotine, tobacco smoke, nicotine vapor, and e-cigarette aerosol exposure leads to nicotine withdrawal symptoms such as somatic withdrawal signs, changes in locomotor activity, anxiety- and depressive-like behavior, learning and memory deficits, attention deficits, hyperalgesia, and dysphoria. These withdrawal symptoms are most pronounced within the first week after cessation of nicotine exposure. Anxiety- and depressive-like behavior, and deficits in learning and memory may persist for several months. Adolescent (4-6 weeks old) rats and mice display fewer nicotine withdrawal symptoms than adults (>8 weeks old). In adult rats and mice, females show fewer nicotine withdrawal symptoms than males. The smoking cessation drugs bupropion and varenicline reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms in rodents.
conclusionThe nicotine withdrawal symptoms that are observed in rodents are similar to those observed in humans. Tobacco smoke and e-cigarette aerosol contain chemicals and added flavors that enhance the reinforcing properties of nicotine. Therefore, more valid animal models of tobacco and e-cigarette use need to be developed by using tobacco smoke and e-cigarette aerosol exposure methods to induce dependence.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.