SynthesisUnited European gastroenterology journal2021
Gut fermentation syndrome: A systematic review of case reports.
Synthesis in United European gastroenterology journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Co-amoxicillin-induced reactivation of auto-brewery syndrome in a patient treated for community acquired pneumonia: a clinical case report.Oxford medical case reports · 2026Article
- The role and possible mechanism of intestinal fungi in the progression of chronic liver diseases.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Review
- Microbial ethanol production in patients with auto-brewery syndrome.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Gut microbial ethanol metabolism contributes to auto-brewery syndrome in an observational cohort.Nature microbiology · 2026Observational
- Fermentation-driven interactions of gut microbes with their environment.Essays in biochemistry · 2025Review
- Do Shifts in Honeybee Crop Microbiota Enable Ethanol Accumulation? A Comparative Analysis of Caged and Foraging Bees.Microbial ecology · 2025Article
- Dynamic alterations of oral fungal microbiota in Omicron infected patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Recent advances in alcohol metabolism: from the gut to the brain.Physiological reviews · 2025Review
- Endogenous Ethanol Metabolism and Development of MASLD-MASH.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Autobrewery Syndrome and Endogenous Ethanol Production in Patients with MASLD: A Perspective from Chronic Liver Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Endogenous Ethanol Production in the Human Alimentary Tract: A Literature Review.Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2025Review
- From Natural Behavior to Drug Screening: Invertebrates as Models to Study Mechanisms Associated with Alcohol Use Disorders.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Review
- Auto-brewery syndrome in a 50-year-old woman.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2024Article
- Gut mycobiome in metabolic diseases: Mechanisms and clinical implication.Biomedical journal · 2024Review
- Data-dependent and -independent acquisition lipidomics analysis reveals the tissue-dependent effect of metformin on lipid metabolism.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2024Article
- Blood alcohol concentration in the clinical laboratory: a narrative review of the preanalytical phase in diagnostic and forensic testing.Biochemia medica · 2024Review
- Article
- Auto-Brewery Syndrome After COVID-19 Infection.ACG case reports journal · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe gut fermentation syndrome (GFS), also known as the endogenous alcohol fermentation syndrome or auto brewery syndrome, is a rare and underdiagnosed medical condition where consumed carbohydrates are converted to alcohol by the microbiota in the gastrointestinal or urinary tract. The symptoms of GFS can have severe impact on patients' wellbeing and can have social and legal consequences. Unfortunately, not much is reported about GFS. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the evidence for GFS, causal micro-organisms, diagnostics, and possible treatments.
methodsA protocol was developed prior to initiation of the systematic review (PROSPERO 207182). We performed a literature search for clinical studies on 1 September 2020 using PubMed and Embase. We included all clinical studies, including case reports that described the GFS.
resultsIn total, 17 case reports were included, consisting of 20 patients diagnosed with GFS. The species that caused the GFS included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, C. glabrata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. intermedia, C. parapsilosis, and C. kefyr.
conclusionsGFS is a rare but underdiagnosed disease in daily practice. The disease is mostly reported by Saccharomyces and Candida genera, and some cases were previously treated with antibiotics. Studies in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver disease suggest a bacterial origin of endogenous alcohol-production, which might also be causal micro-organisms in GFS. Current treatments for GFS include antibiotics, antifungal medication, low carbohydrate diet, and probiotics. There might be a potential role of fecal microbiota transplant in the treatment of GFS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.