Breastmilk, Stool, and Meconium: Bacterial Communities in South Africa.

Human milk optimizes gut microbial richness and diversity, and is critical for proper immune development. Research has shown differing microbial composition based on geographic location, providing evidence that diverse biospecimen data is needed when studying human bacterial communities. Yet, limited research describes human milk and infant gut microbial communities in Africa. Our study uses breastmilk, stool, and meconium samples from a South African birth cohort to describe the microbial diversity, identify distinct taxonomic units, and determine correlations between bacterial abundance in breastmilk and stool samples. Mother-infant dyads (N = 20) were identified from a longitudinal birth cohort in the Vhembe district of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Breastmilk, meconium, and stool samples were analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing of the V4-V5 gene region using the MiSeq platform for identification and relative quantification of bacterial taxa. A non-metric multidimensional scaling using Bray-Curtis distances of sample Z-scores showed that meconium, stool, and breastmilk microbial communities are distinct with varying genus. Breastmilk was mostly comprised of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Veillonella, and Corynebacterium. Stool samples showed the highest levels of Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, and Streptococcus. Alpha diversity measures found that stool samples have the highest Shannon index score compared to breastmilk and meconium. The abundance of Bifidobacterium (r = 0.57), Blautia (r = 0.59), and Haemophilus (r = 0.69) was correlated (p < 0.1) between breastmilk and stool samples. Despite the importance of breastmilk in seeding the infant gut microbiome, we found evidence of distinct bacterial communities between breastmilk and stool samples from South African mother-infant dyads.