ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2021
Excessive Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and Hyperactivation of Endothelial Cells Occurred in COVID-19 Patients and Were Associated With the Severity of COVID-19.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- The immunopathological spectrum of COVID-19: from cytokine storm to autoimmunity-a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Endotheliopathy in Acute COVID-19 and Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Persistent pulmonary pathology after COVID-19 is associated with high viral load, weak antibody response, and high levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- EZH2 enhances PCV2 replication through inhibition of MMP1 and MMP12 transcription activity.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Observational
- Observational
- Biological properties of soluble CD146 and its role and mechanisms in disease progression.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Protein Biomarkers From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Article
- CD146: a promising target in respiratory diseases.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Review
- Challenging the notion of endothelial infection by SARS-CoV-2: insights from the current scientific evidence.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Host Cell Proteases Involved in Human Respiratory Viral Infections and Their Inhibitors: A Review.Viruses · 2024Review
- Differential Inflammatory Responses in Adult and Pediatric COVID-19 Patients: Implications for Long-Term Consequences and Anti-Inflammatory Treatment.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2024Article
- Protecting the endothelial glycocalyx in COVID-19.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- COVID-19 and Bone Loss: A Review of Risk Factors, Mechanisms, and Future Directions.Current osteoporosis reports · 2024Review
- SARS-CoV-2 and its Multifaceted Impact on Bone Health: Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence.Current osteoporosis reports · 2024Review
- Host Subcellular Organelles: Targets of Viral Manipulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Inflammation and autoimmunity are interrelated in patients with sickle cell disease at a steady-state condition: implications for vaso-occlusive crisis, pain, and sensory sensitivity.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSystemic vascular injury occurs in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown.
methodsTo clarify the role of inflammatory factors in COVID-19 vascular injury, we used a multiplex immunoassay to profile 65 inflammatory cytokines/chemokines/growth factors in plasma samples from 24 hospitalized (severe/critical) COVID-19 patients, 14 mild/moderate cases, and 13 healthy controls (HCs).
resultsCOVID-19 patients had significantly higher plasma levels of 20 analytes than HCs. Surprisingly, only 1 cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), was among these altered analytes, while the rest were chemokines/growth factors. Additionally, only matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) were significantly elevated in hospitalized COVID-19 patients when compared to mild/moderate cases. We further studied MMP-1 enzymatic activity and multiple endothelial cell (EC) activation markers (soluble forms of CD146, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [ICAM-1], and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 [VCAM-1]) and found that they were highly dysregulated in COVID-19 patients.
conclusionsCOVID-19 patients have a unique inflammatory profile, and excessive MMP-1 and hyperactivation of ECs are associated with the severity of COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.