ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2021
Unequal impact of the COVID-19 crisis on minority ethnic groups: a framework for understanding and addressing inequalities.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Perpetual Cycle of Racial Bias in Healthcare and Healthcare Education: A Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Pooled it
- Ethnic minority representation in UK COVID-19 trials: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on breast cancer screening and diagnosis.Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2023Pooled it
- Mortality Risks by Occupation During the Early Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York City.American journal of industrial medicine · 2026Article
- Structural Inequalities in Ambulatory Care: A Scoping Review of Access and Quality and the Neglected Dimension of Patient Safety.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- The impact of ethnicity on longitudinal humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 testing uptake and its determinants in six ethnic groups living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: a registry-based study within the HELIUS cohort.European journal of public health · 2026Article
- Global Insights on the Involvement of Ethnic Minority Populations in Health and Social Care Research Priority Setting: A Systematic Scoping Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Who is worthy of protection? Revisiting a theoretical model on the social origins of health inequities during the COVID-19 pandemic.Scandinavian journal of public health · 2026Review
- How Did Women From South Asian Backgrounds and People Seeking Asylum and Refugees Look After Their Health and the Health of Others During the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Community Research Approach.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2026Article
- Article
- Parental socioeconomic composition of birth cohorts changed during the COVID-19 pandemic.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Every Person Counts in a Fair Transition to Net Zero: A UK Food Lens Towards Safeguarding Against Nutritional Vulnerability.Nutrition bulletin · 2025Article
- Ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality and cardiovascular disease in England and Wales between 2020-2022.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Implementation Fidelity of a Virtual Adaptation of the Guiding Good Choices Program.Journal of community psychology · 2025Article
- Article
- Are ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 outcomes mediated by occupation risk? Analyses of a 2-year record linked national cohort study in Scotland.European journal of public health · 2025Article
- Understanding Barriers and Facilitators for Ethnic Minority Groups to Audio Recording Recruitment Discussions in Clinical Trials: A Participatory Approach to Improving Informed Consent and Participation.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025Article
- Systematic review of interventions to reduce ethnic health inequalities in maternal and perinatal health in the UK.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Achieving Health Equity: Combatting the Disparities in American Access to Musculoskeletal Care : Disparities Exist in Every Aspect of Orthopaedic Care in the United States - Access to Outpatient Visits, Discretionary and Unplanned Surgical Care, and Postoperative Outcomes. What Can We Do?Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine · 2024Review
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Minority ethnic groups have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. While the exact reasons for this remain unclear, they are likely due to a complex interplay of factors rather than a single cause. Reducing these inequalities requires a greater understanding of the causes. Research to date, however, has been hampered by a lack of theoretical understanding of the meaning of 'ethnicity' (or race) and the potential pathways leading to inequalities. In particular, quantitative analyses have often adjusted away the pathways through which inequalities actually arise (ie, mediators for the effect of interest), leading to the effects of social processes, and particularly structural racism, becoming hidden. In this paper, we describe a framework for understanding the pathways that have generated ethnic (and racial) inequalities in COVID-19. We suggest that differences in health outcomes due to the pandemic could arise through six pathways: (1) differential exposure to the virus; (2) differential vulnerability to infection/disease; (3) differential health consequences of the disease; (4) differential social consequences of the disease; (5) differential effectiveness of pandemic control measures and (6) differential adverse consequences of control measures. Current research provides only a partial understanding of some of these pathways. Future research and action will require a clearer understanding of the multiple dimensions of ethnicity and an appreciation of the complex interplay of social and biological pathways through which ethnic inequalities arise. Our framework highlights the gaps in the current evidence and pathways that need further investigation in research that aims to address these inequalities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.