ReviewInternational immunopharmacology2021
Immunopharmacological perspective on zinc in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Review in International immunopharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circulating trace elements status in COVID-19 disease: A meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- A role for zinc in the mitigation of zoonotic disease attributable to RNA viruses-a review with application to One Health perspective.Animal frontiers : the review magazine of animal agriculture · 2025Article
- A Molecular Hybrid of the GFP Chromophore and 2,2'-Bipyridine: An Accessible Sensor for ZnInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Association Between Serum Zinc Concentration Levels And Severity Of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) In Japanese Inpatients.International journal of general medicine · 2024Article
- Green synthesis, characterization, anti-SARS-CoV-2 entry, and replication of lactoferrin-coated zinc nanoparticles with halting lung fibrosis induced in adult male albino rats.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Metallo-antiviral aspirants:European journal of medicinal chemistry reports · 2023Review
- Biomedical equipments, vaccine and drug in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19.Heliyon · 2023Review
- Hematological, Inflammatory, Coagulation, and Oxidative/Antioxidant Biomarkers as Predictors for Severity and Mortality in COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort-Study.International journal of general medicine · 2023Article
- Zinc pyrithione is a potent inhibitor of PLJournal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2022Article
- Association of trace element status in COVID-19 patients with disease severity.Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS) · 2022Article
- Content of Essential Trace Elements in the Hair of Residents of the Caspian Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan Who Recovered from COVID-19.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Marine mollusc extracts-Potential source of SARS-CoV-2 antivirals.Reviews in medical virology · 2022Review
- Nutritional risk of vitamin D, vitamin C, zinc, and selenium deficiency on risk and clinical outcomes of COVID-19: A narrative review.Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2022Review
- Essential metals, vitamins and antioxidant enzyme activities in COVID-19 patients and their potential associations with the disease severity.Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2022Article
- Zinc Essentiality, Toxicity, and Its Bacterial Bioremediation: A Comprehensive Insight.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- A Review on Measures to Rejuvenate Immune System: Natural Mode of Protection Against Coronavirus Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Plasma zinc status and hyperinflammatory syndrome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: An observational study.International immunopharmacology · 2021Observational
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The novel SARS-CoV-2 which was first reported in China is the cause of infection known as COVID-19. In comparison with other coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS, the mortality rate of SARS-CoV-2 is lower but the transmissibility is higher. Immune dysregulation is the most common feature of the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 that leads to hyperinflammation. Micronutrients such as zinc are essential for normal immune function. According to the assessment of WHO, approximately one-third of the world's society suffer from zinc deficiency. Low plasma levels of zinc are associated with abnormal immune system functions such as impaired chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and phagocytosis, dysregulated intracellular killing, overexpression of the inflammatory cytokines, lymphopenia, decreased antibody production, and sensitivity to microbes especially viral respiratory infections. Zinc exerts numerous direct and indirect effects against a wide variety of viral species particularly RNA viruses. The use of zinc and a combination of zinc-pyrithione at low concentrations impede SARS-CoV replication in vitro. Accordingly, zinc can inhibit the elongation step of RNA transcription. Furthermore, zinc might improve antiviral immunity by up-regulation of IFNα through JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway in leukocytes. On the other hand, zinc supplementation might ameliorate tissue damage caused by mechanical ventilation in critical COVID-19 patients. Finally, zinc might be used in combination with antiviral medications for the management of COVID-19 patients. In the current review article, we review and discuss the immunobiological roles and antiviral properties as well as the therapeutic application of zinc in SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.