ArticleArthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)2021
Discrimination of COVID-19 From Inflammation-Induced Cytokine Storm Syndromes Using Disease-Related Blood Biomarkers.
Article in Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- Advances in targeting IL-1 family cytokines for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Autoantibodies to IL-1Ra and PGRN in severe COVID-19 are associated with inflammation-induced hyperphosphorylated antigen isoforms.Nature communications · 2026Article
- IL-24 in COVID-19 Patients: Correlations with Disease Progression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Investigation of the effect of serum gasdermin d levels on clinical course and mortality in patients with covid-19.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- SARS-CoV-2 Variant-Specific Antibodies in Vaccinated Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Proteomic Analyses in COVID-19-Associated Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.Critical care explorations · 2025Observational
- Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: Exploring IL-6 Signaling and Cytokine-Microbiome Interactions as Emerging Therapeutic Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Identification of biomarkers for COVID-19 associated secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Viral Sepsis.Viruses · 2024Review
- COVID-19 Pneumonia and Cytokine Storm Syndrome.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- Criteria for Cytokine Storm Syndromes.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- A Comparative Analysis of MicroRNA Expression in Mild, Moderate, and Severe COVID-19: Insights from Urine, Serum, and Nasopharyngeal Samples.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Anti-inflammatory or anti-SARS-CoV-2 ingredients in Huashi Baidu Decoction and their corresponding targets: Target screening and molecular docking study.Arabian journal of chemistry · 2023Article
- Identification of Clinical Response Predictors of Tocilizumab Treatment in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Based on Single-Center Experience.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Review
- Serum gasdermin D levels are associated with the chest computed tomography findings and severity of COVID-19.Respiratory investigation · 2022Article
- An Immunological Axis Involving Interleukin 1β and Leucine-Rich-α2-Glycoprotein Reflects Therapeutic Response of Children with Kawasaki Disease: Implications from the KAWAKINRA Trial.Journal of clinical immunology · 2022Article
- The role of IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors in pathogenesis of COVID-19.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2022Article
- Targeting of neutrophil activation in the early phase of the disease for prevention of Coronavirus disease-19 severity.Microbiology and immunology · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveInfection with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 triggers severe illness with high mortality in a subgroup of patients. Such a critical course of COVID-19 is thought to be associated with the development of cytokine storm, a condition seen in macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). However, specific data demonstrating a clear association of cytokine storm with severe COVID-19 are still lacking. The aim of this study was to directly address whether immune activation in COVID-19 does indeed mimic the conditions found in these classic cytokine storm syndromes.
methodsLevels of 22 biomarkers were quantified in serum samples from patients with COVID-19 (n = 30 patients, n = 83 longitudinal samples in total), patients with secondary HLH/MAS (n = 50), and healthy controls (n = 9). Measurements were performed using bead array assays and single-marker enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum biomarker levels were assessed for correlations with disease outcome.
resultsIn patients with secondary HLH/MAS, we observed pronounced activation of the interleukin-18 (IL-18)-interferon-γ axis, increased serum levels of IL-1 receptor antagonist, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and IL-8, and strongly reduced levels of soluble Fas ligand in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These observations appeared to discriminate immune dysregulation in critical COVID-19 from the well-recognized characteristics of other cytokine storm syndromes.
conclusionSerum biomarker profiles clearly separate COVID-19 from MAS or secondary HLH in terms of distinguishing the severe systemic hyperinflammation that occurs following SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings could be useful in determining the efficacy of drugs targeting key molecules and pathways specifically associated with systemic cytokine storm conditions in the treatment of COVID-19.
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